Sobanukirwa Intambara ya Mbere y’Isi (1914–1918)

Intambara ya Mbere y’Isi (1914–1918), izwi kandi nk' “Intambara Ikomeye (Great War)”, yari intambara yabaye ku rwego rw’isi yose ihuza impande ebyiri z’ibihugu byishyize hamwe:

Allies of World War I (Allies/Entente)

Central Powers

Aho iyi ntambara yabereye cyane harimo:

Europe

Middle East

Ibice bimwe bya Africa

ndetse na Asia-Pacific

Iyi ntambara yazanye impinduka zikomeye mu ikoranabuhanga rya gisirikare, harimo:

za tanks (imodoka z’intambara)

indege z’intambara

imbunda nini (artillery)

machine guns

n’intwaro z’ubumara (chemical weapons)

Ni imwe mu ntambara zahitanye abantu benshi cyane mu mateka y’isi, aho hapfuye abantu bagera hagati ya miliyoni 15 na 22, barimo abasirikare n’abasivili. Yanateye ibibazo bikomeye by’ubwicanyi bwibasira amoko runaka (genocide).

Nanone, kwimuka kw’abantu benshi kubera iyi ntambara byagize uruhare runini mu ikwirakwira ry’icyorezo cya Spanish flu, cyahitanye abantu benshi ku isi.Impamvu z’ingenzi zateye World War I zirimo izamuka rya German Empire n’igabanuka ry’imbaraga za Ottoman Empire, ibintu byahungabanyije uburinganire bw’imbaraga (balance of power) mu Burayi. Hari kandi guhatanira kwagura ubukoloni (imperial rivalry) no kwiyubaka kw’intwaro hagati y’ibihugu bikomeye (arms race).

Ubushyamirane bwari bwiyongereye cyane mu karere ka Balkans, bugera aho buturika ku wa 28 Kamena 1914, ubwo Gavrilo Princip yicaga Franz Ferdinand, wari uzasimbura umwami wa Austria-Hungary. Ibi byatumye Austria-Hungary ishinja Serbia maze itangaza intambara ku wa 28 Nyakanga 1914.

Nyuma yaho, Russian Empire yaje gutabara Serbia, bituma Germany itangaza intambara kuri Russia no kuri France yari iyishyigikiye. United Kingdom nayo yinjiye mu ntambara nyuma y’uko u Budage buteye Belgium, naho Ottoman Empire yifatanya n’uruhande rw’ibihugu byiswe Central Powers.

Mu 1914, u Budage bwari bufite umugambi wo gutsinda u Bufaransa vuba (Schlieffen Plan), ariko bwahagaritswe mu ntambara ya First Battle of the Marne. Ku ruhande rw’Uburengerazuba (Western Front), habayeho intambara z’imyobo (trench warfare) kuva ku Nyanja ya English Channel kugeza mu gihugu cya Switzerland. Ku ruhande rw’Iburasirazuba (Eastern Front), intambara yari ihindagurika cyane ariko nta ruhande rwabashije gutsinda burundu.

Ibihugu byinshi byinjiye muri iyi ntambara kuva mu 1915, birimo Italy, Bulgaria, Romania, na Greece.

Intambara zikomeye nk’iya Battle of Verdun, Battle of the Somme, na Battle of Passchendaele ntizashoboye guhindura uko ibintu byari bihagaze. Mu 1917, United States yinjiye mu ruhande rw’Allies, mu gihe mu Burusiya habaye October Revolution, bituma bwivana mu ntambara.

Mu 1918, u Budage bwagerageje igitero gikomeye ariko burananirwa. Igitero cya Allies cyiswe Hundred Days Offensive cyatumye ingabo z’u Budage zisenyuka. Ibihugu byari bifatanyije na bwo byatangiye kwemera guhagarika intambara, maze umwami Wilhelm II ava ku butegetsi ku wa 9 Ugushyingo 1918. Intambara yarangiye ku wa 11 Ugushyingo 1918.

Nyuma y’intambara, habaye Paris Peace Conference, hashyirwaho amasezerano arimo Treaty of Versailles, yasabye u Budage gutanga indishyi nyinshi no gutakaza ubutaka.

Gusenyuka kw’ubwami nka Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary, n’ubundi bwatumye havuka ibihugu bishya nka Poland, Finland, Baltic states, Czechoslovakia, na Yugoslavia.

Hashyizweho kandi League of Nations igamije kubungabunga amahoro ku isi, ariko yananiwe gukumira ibibazo byo mu gihe cyakurikiyeho (interwar period), bikaza kuvamo World War II mu 1939.Mbere y’uko habaho World War II, ibyabaye hagati ya 1914 na 1918 byitwaga kenshi “Intambara Ikomeye” (Great War) cyangwa se “Intambara y’Isi” (World War) gusa.

Mu kwezi kwa Kanama 1914, ikinyamakuru The Independent cyanditse kuri iyo ntambara kigira kiti: “Iyi ni Intambara Ikomeye. Yiyita ubwayo izina ryayo.”

Mu myaka yakurikiye irangira ryayo, abantu benshi bizeye ko izaba “intambara isoza izindi zose”, kubera ubukana bwayo n’umubare munini w’abantu yahitanye.

Ijambo “Intambara ya Mbere y’Isi” (First World War) ryatangiye gukoreshwa bwa mbere mu kwezi kwa Nzeri 1914, ubwo umuhanga w’Umudage mu binyabuzima n’umuhanga mu bitekerezo Ernst Haeckel yandikaga ko iyo ntambara yari irimo iba mu Burayi ishobora kuzaba “intambara ya mbere y’isi mu buryo bwuzuye.”Mu kinyejana cya 19 hafi yose, ibihugu bikomeye byo mu Burayi byageragezaga kugumana uburinganire bw’imbaraga (balance of power), bwari buzwi nka Concert of Europe.

Nyuma ya 1848, ubu buringanire bwatangiye guhungabana kubera impamvu zitandukanye:

United Kingdom yatangiye kwigunga (splendid isolation)

Kugabanuka kw’imbaraga z’Ottoman Empire

Iyaguka ry’ubukoloni (New Imperialism)

N’izamuka rya Prussia iyobowe na Otto von Bismarck

Intsinzi ya Prussia mu ntambara ya Franco-Prussian War yatumye Bismarck ashyira hamwe u Budage, hashyirwaho German Empire. Nyuma ya 1871, u Bufaransa bwatangiye politiki yo kwihorera (revanchism) no kwagura ubukoloni bwabwo.

Mu 1873, Bismarck yashyizeho ihuriro ryiswe League of the Three Emperors, ryarimo:

Austria-Hungary

Russian Empire

n’u Budage

Ariko iri huriro ryarasenyutse nyuma y’intambara ya Russo-Turkish War, bitewe n’uko Austria-Hungary yatinyaga ko Russia yakongera imbaraga mu karere ka Balkans.

Nyuma yaho, u Budage na Austria-Hungary byashyizeho amasezerano y’ubufatanye yitwa Dual Alliance, yaje kuvamo Triple Alliance ubwo Italy yinjiragamo mu 1882.

Intego ya Bismarck muri aya masezerano yari ukwigizayo u Bufaransa, ashyira imbere ko ibihugu byari bikomeye byakemura ibibazo byabyo hagati yabyo. Mu 1887, yashyizeho amasezerano y’ibanga yiswe Reinsurance Treaty hagati y’u Budage na Russia, agamije ko ibyo bihugu byakomeza kutabogama igihe kimwe cyaba gitewe n’u Bufaransa cyangwa Austria-Hungary.

Ibi byose byashyizeho urufatiro rw’ubushyamirane bwaje kuvamo Intambara ya Mbere y’Isi.Mu mwaka wa 1910, ubukungu n’inganda z’u Budage byakomeje kwiyongera cyane nyuma y’ishyirwaho rya German Empire mu 1871. Bishingiye ku bushyigikirwe bwa Wilhelm II, Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz yashakaga gukoresha ubu bukungu kugira ngo yubake ingabo z’amato z’ubwami (Imperial German Navy) zishobora guhangana n’iza United Kingdom, cyane cyane Royal Navy.

Iyi politiki yashingiye ku bitekerezo bya umuhanga wo muri Amerika mu by’amato Alfred Thayer Mahan, wavugaga ko kugira amato akomeye yo mu nyanja (blue-water navy) ari ingenzi mu kuba igihugu cyagira imbaraga ku isi. Tirpitz yasobanuye ibitekerezo bye mu Budage, ndetse Wilhelm II ategeka ko bigirwa isomo ku bayobozi be n’abasirikare bakuru.

Ariko nyuma y’uko Bismarck avuye ku butegetsi mu 1890, politiki yarahindutse bituma hatangira isiganwa ry’intwaro z’amato hagati y’u Budage n’u Bwongereza, rizwi nka Anglo-German naval arms race.

Nubwo u Budage bwashoye amafaranga menshi, ishyirwa ku isoko ry’intwaro nshya y’Ubwongereza ryiswe HMS Dreadnought mu 1906 ryatumye amato yose yari asanzwe aba ashaje, biha Ubwongereza icyizere cy’ubuhangange mu nyanja.

Mu 1911, Minisitiri w’Intebe Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg yemeye ko u Budage budashobora guhangana n’Ubwongereza mu nyanja, bituma habaho ihinduka ry’ingengo y’imari (Rüstungswende), aho amafaranga y’intwaro z’amato yoherejwe mu gisirikare cy’ubutaka.

Ibi byatewe n’uko u Budage bwahangayikishijwe n’uko Russian Empire bwari bwongeye kwiyubaka nyuma y’intsinzi yabwo mu ntambara ya Russo-Japanese War n’imvururu za 1905 Russian Revolution.

Hagati aho, u Budage bwateje imbere cyane inzira za gari ya moshi n’ibindi bikorwa remezo mu turere two mu burengerazuba, kugira ngo byihutishe kwimura ingabo.

Kuva u Budage n’Austria-Hungary byari bishingiye ku kwimura ingabo vuba kugira ngo bihangane n’ubwinshi bw’Ingabo za Russia, ibi byari ingenzi kurusha guhangana n’Ubwongereza mu nyanja.

Mu 1913, u Budage bwongereye ingabo zabwo n’abasirikare 170,000, bituma u Bufaransa bwongera igihe cy’akazi ka gisirikare kiva ku myaka ibiri kigera kuri itatu, n’ibindi bihugu byo muri Balkans, Italy, Ottoman Empire, na Austria-Hungary nabyo byongera ingabo zabyo.

Mu gihe hagati ya 1908 na 1913, amafaranga yashyirwaga mu gisirikare n’ibihugu bikomeye by’i Burayi yazamutse ku kigero kirenga 50% mu buryo nyabwo (real terms), bikomeza kongera ubushyamirane bwaje kuvamo Intambara ya Mbere y’Isi.Imyaka ya mbere ya 1914 yaranzwe n’uruhererekane rw’ibibazo n’intambara mu karere ka Balkans, aho ibihugu bikomeye byashakaga kungukira ku kugabanuka kw’imbaraga z’Ottoman Empire.

Mu by’ukuri, Russian Empire ryari rifite igitekerezo cya Pan-Slavism n’Itorero rya Orthodox, ryibwiraga ko ari umurinzi wa Serbia n’ibindi bihugu by’Abasilave. Ariko Russia nayo yifuzaga ko inzira z’ingenzi z’amazi nka Bosporus ziguma mu maboko ya Ottoman Empire idafite imbaraga nyinshi, aho kuba mu maboko y’igihugu gikomeye cy’Abasilave nka Bulgaria.

Ibi byatumye politiki ya Russia igira amakimbirane imbere yayo, kuko yari ifite inyungu zitandukanye mu karere ka Anatolia n’iya Balkans, bikongera umutekano muke muri ako karere.

Ku ruhande rwa Austria-Hungary, abategetsi babonaga Balkans nk’aho ari ingenzi cyane kugira ngo ubwami bwabo bukomeze kubaho, kandi ko kwaguka kwa Serbia ari ikibazo gikomeye.

Mu 1908–1909 habaye ikibazo cyiswe Bosnian Crisis, ubwo Austria yigaruriraga Bosnia and Herzegovina, igihugu cyahoze ari icya Ottoman Empire ariko cyari kimaze igihe kirekire kiyobowe n’u Burusiya/Austria. Ibi byarwanyijwe n’ibindi bihugu by’i Burayi ariko ntibyakemuka neza.

Nyuma yaho, intambara ya Italo-Turkish War yagaragaje intege nke za Ottoman Empire, bituma hashyirwaho ihuriro ry’ibihugu ryiswe Balkan League, ririmo Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro na Greece.

Iri huriro ryatsinze cyane mu First Balkan War, ryigarurira ibice byinshi bya Balkans byari ibya Ottoman Empire.

Ibi byatumye Austria itangira kwitegura intambara (mobilisation), cyane cyane igihe Serbia yageragezaga kubona icyambu ku Nyanja ya Adriatic, bituma umutekano muke wiyongera. Russia ariko ntiyahise yinjira mu ntambara, kuko itari yiteguye.

Mu 1913, ibihugu bikomeye byashyizeho amasezerano ya Treaty of London, hagamijwe kugabanya amakimbirane no gushyiraho igihugu cya Albania cyigenga, ndetse no kugabanya ibice byahawe ibihugu byatsinze.

Ariko bidatinze, ibihugu byatsinze ntibyanyuzwe, bituma habaho Second Balkan War, aho Bulgaria yateye Serbia na Greece ariko iza gutsindwa. Serbia na Greece byungutse ibice bya Macedonia, naho Romania yigarurira Southern Dobruja.

Ibi byose byasize akarere ka Balkans mu mwiryane, kuko ibihugu byose byumvaga byariganywe cyangwa bitabonye ibyakagombye kuba ibyabyo. Austria-Hungary n’ibindi bihugu na byo byumvaga ko ibindi bihugu bitabitaho.

Uru ruvange rw’uburakari, ubwenegihugu bukabije (nationalism), n’umutekano muke, ni byo byatumye Balkans yitwa “powder keg of Europe” — bisobanura agace gashobora guturika intambara igihe icyo ari cyo cyose.Ku wa 25 Nyakanga (July), Serbia yemeye hafi ya byose mu byasabwe, ariko yanga ingingo yahaga Abanya-Austria uburenganzira bwo guhagarika no guhana “abashaka gusenya igihugu” imbere muri Serbia, ndetse no kugira uruhare mu iperereza no mu manza z’abakekwaho kugira uruhare mu iyicwa rya Archduke.

Austria yabifashe nk’aho Serbia yanze ibyo isabwa, ihita ihagarika umubano wa dipolomasi, maze ku munsi wakurikiyeho itegeka igice cy’ingabo gutangira kwitegura intambara. Ku wa 28 Nyakanga, Austria-Hungary yatangaje intambara kuri Serbia, itangira no kurasa ku murwa mukuru Belgrade.

Ku wa 30 Nyakanga, Russian Empire yatangaje ko igiye gutegura ingabo zose mu rwego rwo gushyigikira Serbia.

Mu Budage, Minisitiri w’Intebe Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg yatinze gutangira imyiteguro y’intambara kugeza ku wa 31 Nyakanga, kugira ngo ashyigikire ishyaka rya politiki rya SPD agaragaza ko Russia ari yo itangije intambara.

Nyuma yaho, u Budage bwahaye Russia amasaha 12 yo guhagarika imyiteguro y’intambara. France na yo yasabwe kutivanga, ariko irabyanga maze itangira imyiteguro y’intambara (mobilisation), nubwo itatangaje intambara ako kanya.

U Budage bwari bufite umugambi uzwi nka Schlieffen Plan, wari ugamije gutsinda u Bufaransa vuba, hanyuma bukerekeza ku Burusiya. Kubera ko ibyo byasabaga kwihutisha ingabo, bwahise butangira imyiteguro.

Ku wa 1 Kanama, igihe ultimatum u Budage bwahaye Russia yarangiye, ibihugu byombi byinjiye mu ntambara.

Mu Bwongereza, guverinoma yaganiriye ku nshingano zayo zishingiye ku masezerano ya Treaty of London ajyanye no kurinda ubudahangarwa bwa Belgium. Nubwo hari impaka, guverinoma n’ingabo z’Ubwongereza zari zimaze kwitegura gufasha u Bufaransa, kandi abaturage benshi bashyigikiye kwinjira mu ntambara.

Ku wa 31 Nyakanga, Ubwongereza bwabwiye u Budage n’u Bufaransa kubahiriza ubusugire bwa Belgium, ariko u Budage ntibwasubiza.

Ku wa 2 Kanama, u Budage bwigaruriye Luxembourg, hanyuma habaho imirwano n’ingabo z’u Bufaransa. Ku wa 3 Kanama, u Budage bwatangaje intambara ku Bufaransa, busaba kunyura muri Belgium, ariko irabyanga.

Ku wa 4 Kanama mu gitondo, u Budage bateye Belgium, maze Umwami Albert I of Belgium asaba ubufasha hashingiwe ku masezerano ya London.

Ubwongereza bwahaye u Budage ultimatum yo kuva muri Belgium, ariko igihe cyayo kirangira nta gisubizo. Ku wa 4 Kanama, u Bwongereza n’u Budage byinjiye mu ntambara, bitangira World War I ku mugaragaro.Imiterere y’intambara y’igisirikare cy’u Budage yari igeze aho idafite icyizere cyo gutsinda.

Ku wa 24 Ukwakira, ingabo z’u Butaliyani zatangiye igitero gikomeye zasubizaga ibice byari byarafashwe nyuma y’Intambara ya Battle of Caporetto. Ibi byaje gusozwa n’Intambara ya Battle of Vittorio Veneto, yatumye ingabo z’Austria-Hungary zisenyuka burundu nk’ingabo zishobora kurwana.

Iyi ntambara yanateye gusenyuka kw’Ubwami bwa Austria-Hungary. Mu cyumweru cya nyuma cya Ukwakira 1918, ibihugu byiyobowe na bwo byatangiye gutangaza ubwigenge: i Budapest, Prague, na Zagreb.

Ku wa 29 Ukwakira, abayobozi b’ubwami basabye u Butaliyani guhagarika intambara (armistice), ariko ingabo z’u Butaliyani zakomeje gutera zigera i Trento, Udine, na Trieste.

Ku wa 3 Ugushyingo, Austria-Hungary yohereje ibendera ry’amahoro (white flag) maze yemera amasezerano yo guhagarika intambara yiswe Armistice of Villa Giusti, yateguwe n’inzego zishyigikiye Allies i Paris. Nyuma y’aho, Austria na Hungary byasinye amasezerano atandukanye nyuma y’isenyuka ry’ubwami bwa Habsburg dynasty.

Mu minsi yakurikiyeho, ingabo z’u Butaliyani zinjiye i Innsbruck no mu karere kose ka Tyrol, zifite abasirikare barenga 20,000.

Ku wa 30 Ukwakira, Ottoman Empire nayo yemeye gutsindwa, isinya amasezerano yo guhagarika intambara yiswe Armistice of Mudros.

Kwishyira hasi kwa Guverinoma y’u Budage

Nubwo intambara yasenyutse ku mpande zose, u Budage na bwo bwari buri mu marembera y’intsinzi. Guverinoma nshya iyobowe na Prince Maximilian of Baden yatangiye imishyikirano na Perezida Wilson w’Amerika, ishaka amahoro afatika.

Wilson yasabaga ko u Budage buhinduka ubwami bugendera ku itegeko nshinga kandi igisirikare kikagenzurwa na politiki.

Hagati aho, mu Budage hatangiye German Revolution of 1918–1919. Ingabo z’amato zanze kwitabira urugamba bumvaga ko rumaze gutsindwa, bituma habaho imyivumbagatanyo y’abasirikare (sailors’ revolt) mu byambu bya Wilhelmshaven na Kiel.

Iyi myivumbagatanyo yakwirakwiriye mu gihugu cyose, bituma hatangazwa Repubulika ku wa 9 Ugushyingo 1918, ndetse Umwami Wilhelm II ava ku butegetsi (abdication).

Nyuma y’ibi byose, u Budage bwemeye gutsindwa ku mugaragaro, intambara irangira binyuze mu masezerano y’agahenge yo ku wa 11 Ugushyingo 1918, arangije World War I.  Yanditswe Nzayisenga Adrien