Amerika yanze ko Venezuela yishyurira Maduro umwunganizi

 

 28-02-2026 - saa 2:37,  Nzayisenga Adrien, 

Umunyamategeko wa Nicolás Maduro ku byaha ashinjwa na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika byo gucuruza ibiyobyabwenge, Barry Pollack, yatangaje ko ubutegetsi bwa Trump bwanze ko Venezuela imwishyurira ikiguzi cy’ubwunganizi.

Barry Pollack yabibwiye umucamanza w’Urukiko rwa Manhattan mu butumwa yohereje yifashishije email.

Yagaragaje ko Minisiteri y’Imari ya Amerika yahagaritse uburenganzira bwo kwishyura ikiguzi cy’ubwunganizi bwa Maduro mu gihe Guverinoma ya Venezuela yasabaga kumwishyurira n’umugore we Cilia Flores.

Maduro n’umugore we bafungiwe i New York nyuma y’uko batawe muri yombi n’icyo gihugu mu bitero byagabwe kuri Venezuela ku wa 3 Mutarama 2026.

Abo bombi, Amerika ibashinja ibyaha birimo ubucuruzi bw’ibiyobyabwenge n’ibikorwa by’iterabwoba.

Uyu munyamategeko yavuze ko ku wa 9 Mutarama, hatanzwe uburenganzira kuri Guverinoma ya Venezuela bwo kwishyura amafaranga y’abanyamategeko ariko nyuma y’amasaha atatu gusa bugahita bwongera gukurwaho ntihanasobanurwe impamvu.

Pallock yavuze ko yasabye ibiro bishinzwe kugenzura umutungo w’amahanga ku wa 11 Gashyantare korohereza Venezuela ku buryo yakuzuza inshingano zayo zo kwishyura abunganizi nubwo bitarakorwa.

Yavuze ko mu gihe bitakorwa bityo, Maduro nta bushobozi yabona bwo kwishyura abamwunganira ahubwo ko yazasaba urukiko ubufasha kugira ngo abashe kunganirwa.

Mu kirego cy’impapuro 25, Maduro ashinjwa gukorana n’amatsinda y’aba-Cartels ndetse n’abasirikare batandukanye mu kwinjiza ibiyobyabwenge byo mu bwoko bwa Cocaine muri Amerika.

Harimo kandi ibirego byo gukubita no gukomeretsa, ubwicanyi n’ibindi.

Mu gihe byabahama Maduro n’umugore we bahanishwa igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu.

Ubwo yagezwaga imbere y’urukiko ku wa 5 Mutarama 2026, Maduro yahakanye ibyaha byose ashinjwa birimo no kuba intandaro y’ibiyobyabwenge bitundirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.

Amerika yanze ko Venezuela yishyurira Maduro umwunganizi

U Rwanda ntirwumva uburyo Gen Ekenge akidegembya nyuma y’imvugo zibiba urwango

 

Nzayisenga Adrien, Umwanditsi
 

 

Minisitiri w’Ububanyi n’Amahanga n’Ubutwererane, Ambasaderi Olivier Nduhungirehe, yahamije ko amagambo y’urwango yibasira Abanye-Congo bo mu bwoko bw’Abatutsi ashyigikiwe n’ubutegetsi bwa Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Congo.

Mu nama y’akanama k’Umuryango w’Abibumbye gashinzwe uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu yabereye i Genève mu Busuwisi, Minisitiri Nduhungirehe yagaragaje ko ibikorwa byibasira amoko n’ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside bikomeje gukwirakwira muri RDC.

Ati “Mu myaka myinshi, akarere kacu kashegeshwe n’ubuhezanguni bushingiye ku moko n’ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside. Uyu munsi, ibi bikorwa byongeye kugaragara mu burasirazuba bwa RDC, aho ubugizi bwa nabi buri gukorerwa abanyantege nke.”

Minisitiri Nduhungirehe yatangaje ko Abanye-Congo bo mu bwoko bw’Abatutsi barimo Abanyamulenge batuye mu ntara ya Kivu y’Amajyepfo bari kugabwaho ibitero n’imitwe yitwaje intwaro ishyigikiwe na Leta ya RDC, ingabo z’iki gihugu na zo zikabigiramo uruhare.

Ati “Imidugudu yose iri kuraswa n’indege na drones. Inzu zaratwitswe zirakongoka, zirasenywa, imiryango yarahunze ibitewe n’ubukangurambaga bugamije kuyirukana ku butaka bwa gakondo. Muri Kivu y’Amajyepfo, Abanyamulenge bajyanywe ahantu badashobora kurema amasoko, kujya ku mashuri, kuragira no kubona serivisi z’ubuvuzi.”

Yagaragaje ko u Rwanda rwatanze impuruza ku magambo y’urwango akomeje gukwirakwira muri RDC, ariko ko nta gifatika cyakozwe, ibyatumye abo muri Leta ya RDC n’imitwe yitwaje intwaro ishyigikiye byongera imbaraga muri ibi bikorwa bigamije ubugizi bwa nabi.

Mu Ukuboza 2025, uwahoze ari Umuvugizi w’ingabo za RDC, Gen Maj Sylvain Ekenge Bomusa, yavugiye kuri televiziyo y’igihugu (RTNC) ko abagore b’Abatutsikazi batajya babyarana n’abo badahuje ubwoko, asaba abagabo bo muri RDC kubitondera.

Minisitiri Nduhungirehe yasobanuriye akanama ka Loni gashinzwe uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu ko amagambo Gen Ekenge yavugiye kuri RTNC yari yateguwe, kandi ko ari mu murongo wa Leta ya RDC itarigeze imukurikirana mu butabera.

Ati “Yari yateguwe mbere. Yayavugiye mu ruhame, yumvikana mu gihugu hose. Ni amagambo y’urwango ashyigikiwe na Leta, kandi Gen Maj Ekenge yahagaritswe by’agateganyo nyuma y’aya magambo, biteza uburakari ariko ntiyakurikiranywe n’ubutabera. Ayo magambo atesha agaciro ubwoko bwose, agashyira abagore mu kaga gakomeye. Amateka agaragaza ko iyo aya magambo afashwe nk’asanzwe, ubugizi bwa nabi bukurikiraho.”

Yagaragaje ko u Rwanda rugaragaza izi mpungenge rushingiye ku mateka rwanyuzemo, kuko nyuma y’igihe amagambo y’urwango akwirakwira, habayeho Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, yatwaye ubuzima bw’abarenga miliyoni 1 mu gihe cy’iminsi 100.

Minisitiri Nduhungirehe yasabye akanama ka Loni gashinzwe uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu kwamagana bikomeye amagambo y’urwango akomeje gukwirakwizwa n’abarimo abo muri Leta RDC, kagasaba ko bakurikiranwa n’ubutabera kandi abaturage bari mu kaga bakagezwaho ubutabazi vuba, nta kubogama.

Ruanda-Urundi

 

• Article wrote by Nzayisenga Adrien, 2024

• Lan

Ruanda-Urundi (French pronunciation: [ʁwɑ̃da uʁundi]),^[a] later Rwanda-Burundi, was a mandate and later trust territory ruled by Belgium between 1916 and 1962.

Once part of German East Africa, the region was occupied by troops from the Belgian Congo during the East African campaign in World War I. It was administered by Belgium under military occupation from 1916 to 1922. It was subsequently awarded to Belgium as a Class-B Mandate under the League of Nations in 1922 and became a Trust Territory of the United Nations in the aftermath of World War II and the dissolution of the League. In 1962, Ruanda-Urundi became the two independent states of Rwanda and Burundi.

History

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Further information: Burundi–Rwanda relations

Ruanda and Urundi were two separate kingdoms in the Great Lakes region before the Scramble for Africa. In 1897, the German Empire established a presence in Rwanda with the formation of an alliance with the king, beginning the colonial era.^[1] They were administered as two districts of German East Africa. The two monarchies were retained as part of the German policy of indirect rule, with the Ruandan king (mwami) Yuhi V Musinga using German support to consolidate his control over subordinate chiefs in exchange for labour and resources.^[2]

Belgian military occupation, 1916–1922

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Main article: Tabora offensive

A Belgian Congo stamp overprinted for the Belgian Occupied East African Territories in 1916

When World War I broke out in 1914, German colonies were originally meant to preserve their neutrality as mandated in the Berlin Convention, but fighting soon broke out on the frontier between German East Africa and the Belgian Congo around Lakes Kivu and Tanganyika.^[2] As part of the Allied East African campaign, Ruanda and Urundi were invaded by a Belgian force in 1916.^[2] German forces in the region were small and hugely outnumbered. Ruanda was occupied over April–May and Urundi in June 1916. By September, a large portion of German East Africa was under Belgian occupation reaching as far south as Kigoma and Karema and as far eastwards as Tabora all in modern-day Tanzania.^[2]

In Ruanda and Urundi, the Belgians were welcomed by some civilians, who were opposed to the autocratic behaviour of the kings.^[2] In Urundi, much of the population fled or went into hiding, fearful of war.^[3] Much of the Swahili trader community which resided along the shores of Lake Tanganyika fled towards Kigoma, as they had long been commercial rivals with Belgian traders and feared retribution.^[4] The territory captured was administered by a Belgian military occupation authority ("Belgian Occupied East African Territories") pending an ultimate decision about its political future. An administration, headed by a Royal Commissioner, was established in February 1917 at the same time as Belgian forces were ordered to withdraw from the Tabora region by the British.^{[citation needed]}

While the Germans had begun the practice of conscripting labour from the Ruandans and Urundians during the war, this was limited since the German administration considered sustaining a local labour force logistically challenging. The Belgian occupation force expanded labor conscription;^[5] 20,000 men were drafted to act as porters for the Mahenge offensive, and of these only one-third returned home.^[6] Many died due to malnourishment and disease.^[7] The new labour practices caused some locals to regret the departure of the Germans.^[8]

League of Nations mandate, 1922–1946

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The Cathedral of Our Lady of Wisdom at Butare (formerly Astrida) in Ruanda. Catholicism expanded rapidly under the Belgian mandate.

The Treaty of Versailles in the aftermath of World War I divided the German colonial empire among the Allied nations. German East Africa was partitioned, with Tanganyika allocated to the British and a small area allocated to Portugal. Belgium was allocated Ruanda-Urundi even though this represented only a fraction of the territories already occupied by the Belgian forces in East Africa. Belgian diplomats had originally hoped that Belgian claims in the region could be traded for territory in Portuguese Angola to expand the Congo's access to the Atlantic Ocean. This proved impossible and the League of Nations officially awarded Ruanda-Urundi to Belgium as a B-Class Mandate on 20 July 1922. The mandatory regime was also controversial in Belgium and it was not approved by Belgium's parliament until 1924.^[9] Unlike colonies which belonged to its colonial power, a mandate was theoretically subject to international oversight through the League's Permanent Mandates Commission (PMC) in Geneva, Switzerland.^{[citation needed]}

Administratively, the mandate was divided into two pays, Ruanda and Urundi, each under the nominal leadership of a Mwami as customary ruler. The city of Usumbura (modern-day Bujumbura) and its adjoining townships were classified separately as centres extra‑coutumiers, while the pays were subdivided into territories.^[10]

After a period of inertia, the Belgian administration became actively involved in Ruanda-Urundi between 1926 and 1931 under the governorship of Charles Voisin. The reforms produced a dense road-network and improved agriculture, with the emergence of cash crop farming in cotton and coffee.^[11] However, four major famines did ravage parts of the mandate after crop failures in 1916–1918, 1924–26, 1928–30 and 1943–44.^{[citation needed]} The Belgians were far more involved in the territory than the Germans, especially in Ruanda. Despite the mandate rules that the Belgians had to develop the territories and prepare them for independence, the economic policy practised in the Belgian Congo was exported eastwards: the Belgians demanded that the territories earn profits for their country and that any development must come out of funds gathered in the territory. These funds mostly came from the extensive cultivation of coffee in the region's rich volcanic soils.

Ruandan labour migrants at the Kisanga copper mine in Katanga (Belgian Congo) in c. 1930

To implement their vision, the Belgians extended and consolidated a power structure based on indigenous institutions. In practice, they developed a Tutsi ruling class to formally control a mostly Hutu population, through the system of chiefs and sub-chiefs under the overall rule of the two Mwami. Belgian administrators were influenced by the so-called Hamitic hypothesis which suggested that the Tutsi were partially descended from a Semitic people and were therefore inherently superior to the Hutu who were seen as purely African.^[12] In this context, the Belgian administration preferred to rule through purely Tutsi authorities therefore further stratifying the society on ethnic lines. Hutu anger at the Tutsi domination was largely focused on the Tutsi elite rather than the distant colonial power.^[13] Musinga was deposed by the administration as mwami of Ruanda in November 1931 after being accused of disloyalty.^[14] He was replaced by his son Mutara III Rudahigwa.

Although promising the League it would promote education, Belgium left the task to subsidised Catholic missions and mostly unsubsidised Protestant missions. Catholicism expanded rapidly through the Rwandan population in consequence. An elite secondary school, the Groupe Scolaire d'Astrida, was established in 1929. As late as 1961, fewer than 100 people from Ruanda-Urundi had been educated beyond the secondary level.^[15]

United Nations trust territory, 1946–1962

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Monument in Bujumbura commemorating Burundi's independence on 1 July 1962

The League of Nations was formally dissolved in April 1946, following its failure to prevent World War II. It was succeeded, for practical purposes, by the new United Nations (UN). In December 1946, the new body voted to end the mandate over Ruanda-Urundi and replace it with the new status of "Trust Territory". To provide oversight, the PMC was superseded by the United Nations Trusteeship Council. The transition was accompanied by a promise that the Belgians would prepare the territory for independence, but the Belgians felt the area would take many decades to be ready for self-rule and wanted the process to take enough time before happening.

In 1961, the Belgian administration officially renamed Ruanda-Urundi as Rwanda-Burundi.^[16]

Independence came largely as a result of actions elsewhere. African anti-colonial nationalism emerged in the Belgian Congo in the late 1950s and the Belgian Government became convinced they could no longer control the territory. Unrest also broke out in Ruanda where the monarchy was deposed in the Rwandan Revolution (1959–1961). Grégoire Kayibanda led the dominant and ethnically defined Party of the Hutu Emancipation Movement (Parti du Mouvement de l'Emancipation Hutu, PARMEHUTU) in Rwanda, while the equivalent Union for National Progress (Union pour le Progrès national, UPRONA) in Burundi attempted to balance competing Hutu and Tutsi ethnic claims. The independence of the Belgian Congo in June 1960 and the accompanying period of political instability further drove nationalism in Ruanda-Urundi. The assassination of the UPRONA leader Louis Rwagasore (also Burundi's crown prince) in October 1961 did not halt this movement. After hurried preparations which included the dissolution of the monarchy in the Kingdom of Rwanda in September 1961, Ruanda-Urundi became independent on 1 July 1962, broken up along traditional lines as the independent Republic of Rwanda and Kingdom of Burundi. It took two more years before the government of the two became wholly separate and a further two years until the proclamation of the Republic of Burundi.

Colonial governors

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Main article: List of colonial governors of Ruanda-Urundi

Ruanda-Urundi was initially administered by a Royal Commissioner (commissaire royal) until the administrative union with the Belgian Congo in 1926. After this, the mandate was administered by a Governor (gouverneur) located at Usumbura (modern-day Bujumbura) who also held the title of Vice-Governor-General (vice-gouverneur général) of the Belgian Congo. Ruanda and Urundi were each administered by a separate resident (résident) subordinate to the Governor.

Royal Commissioners (1916–1926)

• Justin Malfeyt (November 1916 – May 1919)
• Alfred Marzorati (May 1919 – August 1926)

Governors (1926–1962)

• Alfred Marzorati (August 1926 – February 1929)
• Louis Postiaux (February 1929 – July 1930)
• Charles Voisin (July 1930 – August 1932)
• Eugène Jungers (August 1932 – July 1946)
• Maurice Simon (July 1946 – August 1949)
• Léo Pétillon (August 1949 – January 1952)
• Alfred-Marie Claeys-Boùùaert (January 1952 – March 1955)
• Jean-Paul Harroy (March 1955 – January 1962)

For a list of residents, see: List of colonial residents of Rwanda and List of colonial residents of Burundi.

Kings (abami) of Ruanda

Main article: List of kings of Rwanda

• Yuhi V Musinga (r. November 1896 – November 1931)
• Mutara III Rudahigwa (r. November 1931 – July 1959)
• Kigeli V Ndahindurwa (r. July 1959 – September 1961, when the Ruandan monarchy was abolished)

Kings (abami) of Urundi

Main article: List of kings of Burundi

• Mwambutsa IV Bangiricenge (r. December 1915 – July 1966)

Maps

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• Territory of Ruanda-Urundi
• 
  In 1929
 
• 
  In 1938

Nzayisenga Adrien

 Nzayisenga Adrien (born 1993) is a Rwandan business executive, author, educator, and researcher with expertise in finance, microfinance, history, theology, and governance. He is the Manager of Atlantique Microfinance PLC, Rubavu Branch, and the founder of the media platforms ADFID News and Rwanda Nziza Ngobyi Iduhetse.

Early life and education

Nzayisenga Adrien was born in 1993 in Rwanda. He holds a Bachelor’s degree in Business Administration from the Université de Technologie et de Business (UTB). He has completed professional training in anti–money laundering, human resource and asset management, human rights, and leadership of both large and small organizations.

Career

Nzayisenga Adrien has worked in several financial and business institutions in Rwanda. He served as Chief Executive Officer of Kal Tours and Travel Ltd, and later worked as a Development Officer at AB Bank Rwanda for two years. He also served for five years as a Loan Officer at Atlantique Microfinance PLC, before being appointed Manager of Atlantique Microfinance PLC, Rubavu Branch.

He additionally worked at Umutanguha Finance PLC, where he was responsible for credit recovery, loan follow-up, and auction management.

Religious and community leadership

Nzayisenga Adrien is a Christian believer and theology educator. He has held various leadership roles within Protestant and Pentecostal Christian institutions in Rwanda. He served as a Protestant church leader at College Inyemeramihigo, President of Chorale Sanga Yesu, and leader of Chorale Eli-Betheli in the ADEPR Church. He also served as a senior advisor in financial and asset management within ADEPR.

Writing and research

Nzayisenga Adrien is an author and educator whose research interests include theology, Rwandan and African history, politics, business, and governance. He has written several works available on Academia.edu and is the author of the books 2 Beats and Kingdom of God, which are available on Amazon.

Media involvement

He is the founder and editor of ADFID News, a digital media platform covering politics, business, sports, tourism, and technology, as well as Rwanda Nziza Ngobyi Iduhetse, a platform focused on Rwandan history and social development.

Advocacy and interests

Nzayisenga Adrien is a human rights advocate and has expressed interest in people-centered governance and political stability in Rwanda.

Languages

He is fluent in English, French, Swahili, Kinyarwanda, and Kihavu.

Rwandan Revolution

 

Nzayisenga Adrien 

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This article is about the social revolution of 1959–62. For the 1990–94 civil war, see Rwandan Civil War. For the 1994 genocide, see Rwandan genocide.

The Rwandan Revolution, also known as the Hutu Revolution, Social Revolution, or Wind of Destruction^[1] (Kinyarwanda: muyaga),^[2] was a period of ethnic violence in Rwanda from 1959 to 1961 between the Hutu and the Tutsi, two of the three ethnic groups in Rwanda. The revolution saw the country transition from a Tutsi monarchy under Belgian colonial authority to an independent Hutu-dominated republic.

1969 stamp celebrating the 10th anniversary of the Rwandan Revolution, depicting a peasant raising the red-yellow-green Rwandan flag

Rwanda had been ruled by a Tutsi monarchy since at least the 18th century, with entrenched pro-Tutsi and anti-Hutu policies. Germany and Belgium successively controlled Rwanda through the early 20th century, with both European nations ruling through the kings and perpetuating a pro-Tutsi policy. After 1945, a Hutu counter-elite developed, leading to the deterioration of relations between the groups. The Tutsi leadership agitated for speedy independence to cement their power, and the Hutu elite called for the transfer of power from Tutsi to Hutu, a stance increasingly supported by the Catholic Church and the colonial government.

The revolution began in November 1959, with a series of riots and arson attacks on Tutsi homes following an attack on one of the few Hutu sub-chiefs, Dominique Mbonyumutwa, by Tutsi extremists. Violence quickly spread throughout the country. The King and Tutsi politicians attempted a counterattack to seize power and ostracise the Hutu and the Belgians but were thwarted by Belgian colonel Guy Logiest, who was brought in by the colonial governor. Logiest reestablished law and order, beginning a programme to promote and protect the Hutu elite. The Belgians then replaced many Tutsi chiefs and sub-chiefs with Hutu, consigning King Kigeli V to figurehead status; Kigeli later fled the country. Despite continued anti-Tutsi violence, Belgium organized local elections in mid-1960. Hutu parties gained control of nearly all communes, effectively ending the revolution. Logiest and Hutu leader Grégoire Kayibanda declared Rwanda an autonomous republic in 1961, and the country became independent in 1962.

The revolution caused at least 336,000 Tutsi to flee to neighbouring countries, where they lived as refugees. Although the exiles agitated for an immediate return to Rwanda, they were split between those seeking negotiation and those wishing to overthrow the new regime. Some exiles formed armed groups (called inyenzi, or "cockroaches", by the Hutu government), who launched attacks into Rwanda. The largest occurred in late 1963, when a surprise attack approached Kigali. The government fought back, defeating the rebels and killing thousands of the remaining Tutsi in Rwanda. No further threat was posed by the refugees until the 1990s, when a civil war initiated by the Tutsi-refugee Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) forced the Hutu government into negotiations.