Kigeli IV Rwabugiri

Kigeli IV Rwabugiri (1840? - September 1895) [4] was the king (mwami) of the Kingdom of Rwanda in the mid-nineteenth century. He was among the last Nyiginya kings in a ruling dynasty that had traced their lineage back four centuries to Gihanga, the first 'historical' king of Rwanda whose exploits are celebrated in oral chronicles.[5] He was a Tutsi[6] with the birth name Sezisoni Rwabugiri.[7] He was the first king in Rwanda's history to come into contact with Europeans. He established an army equipped with guns he obtained from Germans and prohibited most foreigners, especially Arabs, from entering his kingdom. Rwabugiri held authority from 1867 to 1895. He died in September 1895, during an expedition in modern-day Congo, shortly after the arrival of the German explorer Count Gustav Adolf von Götzen. His adopted son, Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa, was proclaimed the next king. By the end of Rwabugiri's rule, Rwanda was divided into a standardized structure of provinces, districts, hills, and neighborhoods, administered by a hierarchy of chiefs. The chiefs were predominantly Tutsi at the higher levels and with a greater degree of mutual participation by Hutus. He defended the borders of the Rwandan kingdom against invading neighboring kingdoms, slave traders, and Europeans. Rwabugiri was a warrior king and is regarded as one of Rwanda's most powerful kings. Some Rwandans see him as the last true King of Rwanda due to the tragic assassination of his successor Rutarindwa and coup by his stepmother Kanjogera who installed her son Musinga.[8] By the beginning of the 20th century, Rwanda was a unified state with a centralized military structure. Rwabugiri is sometimes attributed for the tactics used by the RPF during the Rwandan genocide to retain unity among Rwandans .[9] Pre-colonial Rwanda Tradition has it that the kingdom of Rwanda was originally occupied by a number of Bantu chieftainships which were conglomerated during the 10th century by Tutsi pastoralists from the North who brought ideas of caste systems and a political society. By the 19th century, the state had become much more centralized. Rwabugiri established a royal court that collected labor dues and claimed tributary food in Rubengera around 1870. This served the purpose of channeling food across the country and becoming a center of commerce. During periods of food shortages, most of the country would suffer while the very rich Tutsi who resided in Rubengera would be able to find food and livestock.[citation needed] The royal court was prepared for this situation usually, however, and controlled the production of produce as to always create a surplus. This was meant to serve as a famine strategy. This surplus would then be distributed by the king's order to the poorest citizens in exchange for their labor [10] Expansion Ethnicity became an important factor during the period of state expansion that began in the late 19th century. Rwabugiri gained increasing control over land, cattle, and people in Central Africa. Rwabugiri not only saw a personal increase in power over the land, but also consolidated power among political elites that became known either officially or informally as Tutsi. Previously, they had mostly been local chieftains who were now finding themselves as part of a complex network that allowed the Mwami to build national cohesion in newly acquired regions.[11] The appointed chieftains were occasionally met with local resistance. For example, in the Northwest region the Balera group challenged the power of the Nduga who had been appointed to the region by the royal court. The contestation was along clan, rather than ethnic, lines, as both groups were considered Tutsi under the then ethnic understanding. During this period, there was an increase in the long-standing traditions of ubuhake and ubureetwa, a practice of vassalage under which labor and resources are exchanged for political favor. Many of the lands that Rwabugiri had annexed, such as Bugoyi, Bwishaza and Kingogo in the east had no previous contact with Tutsi pastoralists and had been entirely inhabited by Hutu. The period following annexation saw a heavy influx of Tutsi into these areas. At first, the relationship between Tutsi and Hutu in these areas were mostly peaceful and commercial. After Rwabugiri instated a stronger administrative machinery, however, he used force to pacify resistance which led to a series of brutal encounters between Hutu and Rwabugiri's forces.[12] German Colonial influence Rwanda was unlike other African states as it was initially not divided among the colonial powers during the Berlin Conference in 1884. Instead, Rwanda was assigned to the German Empire in the later 1890 conference in Brussels. Still, there were no expeditions made until 1894, when the German explorer, Count Gustav Adolf von Götzen led an expedition into Tanzania. Germany had made little effort to establish a colonial administration at the time, as they had limited forces in East Africa, and Rwanda was a densely populated territory with an existing strict administrative network. The death of Kigeli IV, however, and the subsequent coup weakened the state and opened a window for German direct colonization in 1897. Last True Rwabugiri After Kigeli IV died, his son Rutalindwa was declared king. The new monarch's queen mother, however, was not his biological mother but was another wife of Kigeli IV; Kanjogera of the Bega clan. Rutalindwa's birth mother was from a politically weak clan, the Abakono. The Nyiginya Clan, to which the old and new mwami belonged, was also weak at this particular time because Kigeli IV had killed chiefs from this lineage of clans who had showed too much independence. As such, the Bega clan was in a unique position after the death of Kigeli IV to change the status quo and assume power. Together with her brother Kabare, chief of the Bega clan, Kanjogera carried out a coup d'état at Rucunshu where Rutalindwa was killed and Kanjogera's own son, Musinga, was named king under the name Yuhi V Musinga. Kanjogera and her brother were effectively in charge at his point, as Musinga was still too young to rule. The two continued to purge the Nyinga who had survived Kigeli IV's purge, as to avoid the possibility that they would return to power.[13] It was under this conflict that German colonialists began to exercise control over the Mwami by supporting their royal forces.

Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa (Yanditswe na NZAYISENGA Adrien)

Aya mateka yakusanijwe ndetse asobanurwa na NZAYISENGA Adrien ndetse ari mu byiciri, igice cya mbere gihera kuri Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa, Mibambwe uyu yabaye umwami w'U Rwanda, Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa yategetse u Rwanda mu kwezi ku ukuboza ahagana mu mwaka w' 1896 ibirindiro bye byabaga mu ntara ya marangara mu karare ka nyanza y'ubu,ni mugice cya afurika y'iburasirazuba cyakolonijwe n'abadage, Rutarindwa yari umwami w'uRwanda yategetse kuva mu kwezi kwa Nzeri 1895 kugera mu kwezi ku ukuboza 1896 yategetse igihe gito cyane.Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa ni muntu ki? Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa ni umuhungu wa Kigeli IV Rwabugili wa Mutara II Rwogera, Nyina yakomokaga mu muryango wari ufite imbaraga nke mu bya politiki muri icyo gihe uwo muryango wari uwa bakono, Rwabugili we yari mu uwo mu bwoko bwabanyiginya ndetse urebye niwe mwami wanyuma w'umunyiginya wagize ubutegetsi buhamye, Muri ibi bihe abanyiginya nabo basaga nkaho bafite intege nke kuko Rwabugili yari yarishe abatware baturukaga muri uyu muryango benshi kubera gushaka kwigenga. Ni iki cyabaye kugirango Rutarindwa ategeke igihe gito bigeze aha kandi yari umwami? , Izina Rutarindwa rimwe na rimwe ryandikwaga nka Rutalindwa. Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa yimitswe ku ngoma na se Kigeli IV Rwabugiri ariko nyina wa Rutarindwa yari yarapfuye Kigeli IV Rwabugiri arongora undi mugore witwaga Kanjogera wakomokaga mu bega, mu w'1889 ise Kigeli IV Rwabugiri yategetse ko Rutarindwa afatanya nawe gutegeka, ibi ni amakosa ushingiye ku mategeko yagengaga abami mu Rwanda rwo hambere ndetse byatumye besnhi mu biru bigomeka kuri iki cyemezo cya Rwabugili bavuga yuko agabye ingoma akayiha utari umwami kandi yarabyaye umwami bavuga musinga wari ukiri muto kuko nyina Kanjogera yari akiriho ndetse Rwabugili yaje guhita atangaza ko Rutarindwa ariwe uzamusimbura, Mu buryo butunguranye Kigeli IV Rwabugiri yitabye Imana mu w'1895 ubwo yari mu rugendo muri Repubulika iharanira Demokarasi ya Congo, Nuko Rutarindwa Yima ingoma. Umwamikazi (Nyina w'umwami) yabaga afite ububasha bukomeye muri politiki mu Rwanda, Kandi Nyina wa Rutarindwa yari yaritabye Imana bituma Rutarindwa ahabwa umwe mu bagore ba se(Mu kase) witwaga Kanjogera ngo abe umwakazi wagombaga gufasha Rutarindwa gutegeka.Nyuma y'urupfu rwa Rwabugili basaza ba Kanjogera Kabare na Ruhinankiko bateguye gushyira ku ngoma umwana wa mushiki wabo witwaga Musinga nyuma waje kwima ingoma agahabwa izina ry'ubwami rya Yuhi IV Musinga. Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa yahiritswe ku ngoma na Kanjogera afatanije a basaza be nagaragaje haruguru mu ntambara yabereye ku gasozi ka Rucunshu ndetse iyo ntambara y'itiriwe ako gasozi yitwa intambara yo ku Rucunshu cg Kudeta yo kurucunshu, aha kuri aka gasozi ubwo Rutarindwa yarwanaga na Kanjogera na basaza be yimuriye icyiciro ku gasozi ka Rucunshu. Nyuma yo Gutsindwa muri iyi ntambara Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa yaje kwiyahura yitwikiye mu nzu ndetse n'ingoma z'ibwami zirangiraka cyane ubwo inzu yarimo yakongokaga. Nyuma yo guhirika Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa Yuhi IV Musinga wari ukiri muto yategekewe na nyina kanjogera afatanije na basaza be kabare na Ruhinankiko kandi muri ibyo bihe by'amakimbirane nibwo abakoloni babadage batangiye kugenzura umwami bitwaje yuko bagiye gutoza ingabo ze kurwana, mbibutse ko Umwami wa mbere w'u Rwanda wahuye na bazungu babanyaburayi (abakoloni) ari Kigeli IV Rwabugili ariko ntiyabemerera ko bakora ibyo bifuzaga byose mu Rwanda kuko Kigeli IV Rwabugili yari indwanyi byahamye abadage bamuhaye intwaro kandi muri icyo gihe hari abandi bashaka kuza mu Rwanda barimo abarabu ariko kuko yari Rwagitinywa mu ntambara batinya kuhakandigiza ikirenge.

Tshisekedi yongereye abacancuro bamurinda nyuma yo kurokoka ‘coup d’état’

Perezida wa Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Congo, Félix Tshisekedi Tshilombo yongereye abacancuro bakomoka ku mugabane w’u Burayi bamurinda, nyuma y’ahp igikorwa cyo kumukura ku butegetsi cyageragejwe tariki ya 19 Gicurasi 2024 kiburijwemo. Iyi ‘coup d’état’ yageragejwe n’abarwanyi barenga 50 bari bayobowe na Christian Malanga; Umunye-Congo wari ufite ubwenegihugu bwa Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Umusirikare wa RDC waganiriye n’ikinyamakuru Le Libre cyo mu Bubiligi yatangaje ko mbere y’aho Malanga na bagenzi be bagerageje gukura Tshisekedi ku butegetsi, uyu Mukuru w’Igihugu yari yaragaragarije Abanye-Congo bari mu bamurinda ko atabafitiye icyizere. Yagize ati “Coup d’état yageragejwe yari iyobowe na Christian Malanga tariki ya 19 Gicurasi yongereye ubwoba bwe, kandi yongereye umubare w’abazungu baje i Kinshasa.” Umudipolomate ukorera i Kinshasa yatangaje ko Tshisekedi adahisha ubwoba afite, kandi ko akeka ko Joseph Kabila yasimbuye ku butegetsi ashobora kuba ari inyuma y’abashaka guhungabanya umutekano we. Ati “Ntabwo ahisha ubwoba, nta nubwo ahisha ko abona ukuboko k’uwo yasimbuye muri ibi bikorwa. Joseph Kabila ari hafi y’abakomeye mu butegetsi.” Undi musirikare mukuru yasobanuye ko aba bacancuro b’Abanyaburayi bitabwaho cyane kurusha bagenzi babo b’Abanye-Congo bakora inshingano imwe. Ati “Bagera kuri 40. Baba muri hoteli nziza rwagati muri Kinshasa yishyurwa amadolari 300 buri joro. Kandi ubu bwishyu ntibubarirwamo izindi serivisi, habe n’ifunguro.” Muri aba Banyaburayi, harimo abagera kuri 20 bagaragaye i Lubumbashi, ubwo Thisekedi yamurikaga ku mugaragaro gari ya moshi zizifashishwa mu bwikorezi bw’ibikomoka ku buhinzi n’ubworozi. Aba barimo abakomoka muri Romanie ndetse n’abahoze mu mutwe w’ingabo z’u Bufaransa ukorera mu mahanga. Umunye-Congo ukorera mu rwego rw’ubutasi yabisobanuye ati “Ni Abaromani bavuga Igifaransa n’abahoze mu mutwe w’ingabo z’u Bufaransa zikorera mu mahanga, basanzwe bakorera muri Kivu y’Amajyaruguru. Bashinzwe kurinda umutekano w’ibikorwaremezo by’ingenzi nk’ikibuga cy’indege cya Goma.” Ofisiye wahawe izina ‘Pierre D.’ yagaragaje ko aba bacancuro bitabwaho kuri uru rwego mu gihe hari bamwe mu basirikare b’Abanye-Congo bamaze igihe kinini badahembwa. Yitanzeho urugero, avuga ko amaze amezi atandatu ategereje umushahara. Yakomeje ati “Ikibazo kirakomeye mu gihugu hose kandi ntacyo ubuyobozi buri kubikoraho. Aba bacancuro bishyurwa amadolari ari hagati ya 15000 na 20000 ku kwezi. Baba muri hoteli nziza, barya iminsi yose kandi kenshi ku munsi, mu gihe Abanye-Congo bo bagenerwa amadolari 150 bamaze iminsi myinshi badahembwa.” Pierre D yashimangiye ko hari umwuka mubi mu gisirikare cya RDC kandi ko ba ‘Générals’ bakiri abizerwa ba Joseph Kabila barimo n’uyobora ingabo muri Kinshasa ari bo barakariye cyane Tshisekedi. Ati “Mu gisirikare hari umwuka mubi.” Umukozi w’urwego rushinzwe iperereza ahamya ko Tshisekedi ari ku gitutu giterwa n’uburakari bw’abasirikare. Ati “Perezida wa Repubulika ari ku gitutu. Arabizi ko abasirikare batishimye. Azi ko amafaranga bagenewe akoreshwa nabi. Arabizi ko atumvikana n’ibihugu byo mu muryango wa Afurika y’iburasirazuba, havuyemo u Burundi.” Abona ko amaherezo ari uko hashobora kuzabaho ibikorwa byo kwigumura ku butegetsi mu gisirikare, byazagira ingaruka mbi kuri Tshisekedi.

Live: Abanya-Musanze babukereye: Perezida Kagame yageze i Busogo mu bikorwa byo kwiyamamaza

Ikaze ku kibuga cya Busogo mu karere ka Musanze aho umuryango FPR Inkotanyi ugiye gutangiriza ibikorwa byo kwamamaza umukandida wawo ku mwanya w’umukuru w’igihugu, Paul Kagame. Ibihumbi by’abanyamuryango ba FPR Inkotanyi baturutse mu turere twa Rulindo, Burera, Gakenke, Musanze, Nyabihu n’ahandi bazindutse iya rubuka, baje gushyigikira umukandida wabo. IGIHE iguhaye ikaze i Busogo aho tugiye gukurikirana itangizwa ry’ibi bikorwa byo kwiyamamaza no kwamamaza Paul Kagame wa FPR Inkotanyi. 11:50 Paul Kagame, umukandida wa FPR Inkotanyi ageze ku kibuga cya Busogo i Musanze ahagiye gutangirizwa ibikorwa byo kumwamamaza ku mwanya w’umukuru w’igihugu Igihango gikomeye hagati ya Musanze na FPR Inkotanyi Akarere ka Musanze gafite amateka yihariye na FPR Inkotanyi guhera mu gihe cy’urugamba rwo kubohora igihugu mu 1990. Ubwo ingabo za RPA zahinduraga amayeri y’urugamba zikava mu Mutara (Nyagatare y’ubu), Maj Gen Paul Kagame wari umugaba mukuru yategetse ko hatangizwa intambara yo mu misozi (Guerrilla War), urugamba rukomereza mu Birunga. Imwe mu ntsinzi zikomeye za mbere za RPA kandi nazo zabereye mu karere ka Musanze tariki 23 Mutarama 1993 ubwo zagabaga igitero kuri gereza ya Ruhengeri, abari imfungwa muri iyo gereza bakabohorwa. Ni igikorwa cyakangaranyije Leta ya Juvenal Habyarimana, birushaho kumvikanisha icyo FPR Inkotanyi yaharaniraga. 11:30 Abanya-Musanze bavuze impamvu bazatora PAUL KAGAME Nyirambonigaba Jacqueline utuye mu Karere ka Musanze mu Murenge wa Nkotsi, yabwiye IGIHE ko yishimiye kuba umukandida wa FPR-Inkotanyi yatangiriye mu karere kabo ibikorwa byo kwiyamamariza umwanya w’umukuru w’igihugu. Yavuze ko kubera imiyoborere myiza ya Paul Kagame ubu abanyamusanze bafite amashanyarazi, imihanda myiza, amashuri. Ati "Yatugejeje kuri byinshi, mfite ingurube, ihene, inkwavu byose mbikesha Kagame." 11:20 Abayobozi batandukanye basanzwe ari abanyamuryango ba FPR Inkotanyi babukereye gushyigikira umukandida Paul Kagame.

Jeanine Munyeshuli yirukanywe muri Guverinoma

Minisitiri w’Intebe mu izina rya Perezida wa Repubulika, yirukanye mu nshingano Madamu Jeanine Munyeshuli nk’Umunyamabanga wa Leta Ushinzwe Ishoramari rya Leta no Kwegeranya Imari, muri Minisiteri y’Imari n’Igenamigambi (MINECOFIN). Ntabwo hatangajwe impamvu yihariye yatumye Munyeshuli akurwa mu nshingano yagiyemo muri Kanama 2023. Mbere yo kujya muri izo nshingano, Jeanine Munyeshuli, yari Umuyobozi ushinzwe Igenamigambi muri Kaminuza y’Ubuvuzi ya Global Health Equity ndetse akaba yari mu bagize Inama y’Ubutegetsi yayo. Munyeshuli yabaye Umuyobozi Wungirije w’Inama y’Ubutegetsi ya Cogebanque Plc. Afite impamyabumenyi y’icyiciro cya Gatatu cya Kaminza mu bijyanye n’ubukungu [Masters in Economics and Statistics], yakuye muri Kaminuza y’i Genève mu Busuwisi. Kuva mu 2017, yakoreye ikigo cya SouthBridge Rwanda nk’umugishwanama ndetse aba n’umuyobozi wacyo ushinzwe ibikorwa. Kuva mu 1998, Munyeshuli yakoreye ibigo bitandukanye mu Busuwisi birimo Picket Group na Unigestion mu bijyanye n’imari.

Hacker group Anonymous warns President Ruto amid Kenya’s anti-Finance Bill protests

Anonymous, an online activist group that uses hacking to further causes it supports, has warned the Kenyan government against arrest and harassment of Kenyans opposed to the controversial Finance Bill 2024. In a one-minute and 18-second video published on X, where the hacker group has more than five million followers, Anonymous told President William Ruto and the Kenyan Parliament to "respect the rule of law and the right to protest’ of #RejectFinanceBill2024 participants". "Greetings, Citizens of the world. This is a warning message to William Ruto, the Kenyan Government, and all members of parliament from Anonymous. It has come to our attention that there are discussions in parliament to pass the Finance Bill, which will unfairly tax the citizens of Kenya. "Kenyan citizens attempting peaceful demonstrations are being unfairly harassed, arrested, and shot at with live bullets by the police force under your command," the group said. Anonymous, citing angry citizens sharing legislators’ phone numbers on social media to pressure them against the bill, threatened to hack the leaders and expose corruption and other "secrets". "Soon, there will be an uprising of hackers, many of whom may reside in your home country. Your secrets may no longer be safe, and there is a chance that all these secrets will be exposed to show how corrupt and unjust members of this parliament are, embezzling public funds for personal gain," they said. The group urged the Kenyan lawmakers to listen to the cries of its citizens and reject the Finance Bill in its entirety. "On Thursday, the 20th of June, Kenyans will march and #OccupyParliament. We do not want you to amend the Finance Bill; we want you to reject it," the hackers warned. "Listen to the cries of your citizens, or the people of the world will resist you every step of the way. Citizens of Kenya, do not worry, Tuko Pamoja! We are Anonymous, We are Legion, Expect us!" The hacker group is widely known for its extensive cyber attacks against several governments, government institutions and government agencies, corporations and the Church of Scientology. The group is linked to the hacking of websites of major corporations like Sony and PayPal, as well as government entities such as the CIA. In January 2011, Anonymous was involved in the Tunisian Revolution and engaged in DDoS attacks on key Tunisian websites—including the president, prime minister, ministry of industry, ministry of foreign affairs, and the stock exchange—taking down at least 8 websites and defacing several others. Kenyan MPs take vote Kenyan MPs are expected to vote on the contentious Bill on Thursday afternoon, days after President Ruto bowed to growing pressure from Kenyans and dropped some unpopular taxes. The Kenyan Head of State met MPs from the ruling coalition at State House Nairobi on Tuesday and allowed the amendments that included the withdrawal of proposed 16 percent VAT on bread, 2.5 per cent motor vehicle tax and hiking of tax on mobile money transfers to 20 percent from 15 percent. Also withdrawn was a proposal to introduce a Ksh150 per kilogram eco-tax on plastic packaging materials, batteries and hygiene products including diapers and sanitary pads. Unlike in the past, when protests were led by members of the opposition coalition, including former Prime Minister Raila Odinga, the recent protests in Kenya are largely led by young Kenyans, popularly known as Gen Z, both on social media and on the streets.

President Kagame says Rwanda ’ready to fight’ with DR Congo if necessary

President Paul Kagame says Rwanda is ready to go to war with the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) if necessary, insisting that the conflict in the eastern part of the neighbouring country is a direct threat to Rwanda and its citizens. President Kagame made the remarks during an interview with France 24 on Thursday, in response to DR Congo President Felix Tshisekedi’s threats to wage war against Rwanda for allegedly supporting M23 rebel group. "If somebody is saying that in this kind of situation, on the one hand, you may think this person is bluffing or has nothing else to say, but at the same time, given our own experience and history, we don’t take anything for granted," President Kagame stated, adding, "We are ready to fight." Asked if he was afraid of Western sanctions amid accusation of Rwanda’s troops in eastern DRC, President Kagame said, "We are not afraid of anything." The Head of State also rubbished claims by President Tshisekedi that Rwanda is organising "a genocide" in eastern DR Congo, instead accusing him of orchestrating the return of a "genocide ideology" targeted at Congolese Tutsis. "What actually is taking place in eastern Congo should be understood even by the person who leads that country. He does seem to have a selective memory of what to call what is happening there," President Kagame said. "To ignore that and to want to call it something else, somewhere else by somebody, I think you have to be missing something in your mind." He further accused the international community of turning a blind eye to the root cause of the crisis in eastern DR Congo while accusing Rwanda of having its troops in the neighbouring country. "’How do you explain that we have 100,000 refugees persecuted in eastern Congo because of their identity, and now they [DR Congo government] wants to turn them into Rwandan citizens when they are Congolese?" President Kagame posed, further raising concerns over the DR Congo government’s support for the FDLR militia, which comprises remnants of the Interahamwe group that perpetrated the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda. President Kagame maintained that Rwanda had done everything possible to resolve the conflict amicably, blaming his DR Congo counterpart for frustrating various peace initiatives. He, however, reiterated that he has always been ready to meet Tshisekedi to discuss the matter. "There are processes in our region. There is the Luanda process in Angola, and there has been the Nairobi process in Kenya. There have been other efforts to try and help resolve the problems. For Rwanda, we have always been present and have contributed as much as we can to make it work. "However, Congo had other ideas. When the East African Community deployed forces to help, the next day, he expelled them and selected those he believed would fight for him to continue what he has been doing. He brought in SADC forces and detached Burundi from the East African forces," he added.

Ways To Improve Your Hippocampus Function

1. Learn Something New Due to the way the hippocampus works, when you learn something new, you build new neural pathways and strengthen the ones that already exist. Think of it like building blocks! Researchers from the University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University recently unveiled what happens in the brain as learners progress from novice to expert. They found that when you engage in long-term learning, new neural activity patterns were observed. This established a clear relationship between patterns and new behavioural abilities. As online learning pioneers, we’re big advocates of any reason to engage in more learning. And with our brand new Impact Suite, you have access to various ways to encourage more learning amongst your audience. 2. Exercise Exercise to improve hippocampus function You can generate new hippocampi neurons by exercising. A famous neuronal study compared the brains of two different groups of mice. The first group had access to a running wheel, the second did not. The mice with the wheel produced an abundance of new neurons in their hippocampus. The group without access produced far less. Additionally, studies have shown a link between a lack of exercise and Alzheimer’s disease. According to the Alzheimer’s Research and Prevention Society, regular exercise can reduce the risk of developing Alzheimer’s by 50%. Most exercises will help the brain and hippocampus function in some way. If you’re searching for an exercise which is particularly brain-effective, then aerobics is a great place to start. Lucky for you, there’s a bunch of different aerobic exercises out there. You can do anything from walking, running, cycling, swimming, boxing, rowing and even dancing! 3. Eat Fish Fish frequently tops lists as the most beneficial food for your memory. The brain uses the Omega-3 fatty acids found in fish to boost our cellular structure and brain signalling. Fish with the highest mg of Omega-3 fatty acids include: mackerel, sardines and salmon. A study found that those who regularly eat fish have more sizeable brains than those who don’t. This helps to protect against diseases like Alzheimer’s and dementia. In fact, you only need to eat fish once a week. The study also found that those who did had a hippocampus 14% percent larger than people who don’t eat fish frequently! 4. Drink Coffee Company branded items Coffee has several benefits. The serotonin levels alone keep us from being grouchy in the mornings! The caffeine also increases our concentration levels and blocks adenosine, which is a chemical that makes us drowsy. Another perk of coffee is the large number of antioxidants it contains. As we know from blueberries, antioxidants help to improve your memory and the brain in general. Studies of coffee have shown it to be anti-amyloidogenic. Amyloids are aggregates of proteins that are linked to the development of various diseases in humans. The study observed caffeine consumption over a four month period. It uncovered less hippocampal neuron loss and rescued learning and memory deficits! 5. Eat Blueberries Blueberries are beneficial to the body in many ways. They reduce DNA damage and can help prevent heart disease. Perhaps best of all, they are said to contain the highest amount of antioxidants of all fruit. Free radicals are linked to disease. They’re molecules without an electron. They’re dangerous as they can cause a chain reaction by removing the electrons from other molecules. Antioxidants award electrons to free radicals, which counterbalance them. Furthermore, the antioxidants found in blueberries can help improve your memory. A study of rats showed that feeding them blueberry compounds had a significant effect on memory. It actually reversed existing short-term memory loss. Aged rats were continuously given blueberry supplementation equivalent to a human eating a cup full every day for two months. The researchers discovered an increased rate of brain cells in the hippocampus and improved memory performance! 6. Stimulate Your Brain By the time we’re fully-grown, we have millions of well-developed neural pathways. This is why obstacles you’ve previously experienced get easier to solve (apart from finding your keys!). So what about new neural pathways? The more neural pathways we create, the easier it gets to create newer ones. This is why keeping your brain on its toes is important. But how can you do this? Mental gymnastics such as puzzles are said to stimulate new connections between nerve cells. Research shows that ‘brainy’ activities like crosswords and card games spark new connections between nerve cells and may even help the brain generate new cells. This develops neurological plasticity which is the ability of the brain to modify connections or rewire itself. 7. Eat Dark Chocolate If you don’t like fish, blueberries or coffee, then the good news is there’s plenty of other options. Even better news, we’re about to encourage you to eat chocolate! Dark chocolate releases dopamine, which is great for fast learning and memory. Indeed, studies have shown that eating chocolate can increase cerebral blood flow and promote synaptogenesis. This is the formation of synapses between our neurons. They accumulate in the hippocampus, which as we now know, is the part of the brain associated with memory. Another study from the Harvard Medical School observed 60 people between the ages of 67 and 77 over 30 days of twice-daily hot cocoa consumption. It resulted in a 30% increase in memory and cognitive abilities within those who originally had impaired blood flow to their brains! But the benefits don’t stop there. Dark chocolate also releases antioxidants. This means that you no longer have to feel guilty about tucking into that box of chocolate! 8. Practice Mindfulness The state of your mental health can greatly affect your memory recall and hippocampus. For example, whilst the neurotransmitter serotonin is responsible for regulating a person’s mood, it’s also vital for learning and the creation of new memories. As such, it plays an important role when it comes to memory retention. Consequently, this is one of many reasons why you need to look after your mental health. Multiple studies have shown that practising mindfulness can cause hippocampus growth and improve memory. For example, a 2021 study looked at the effect of mindfulness-based meditation on women with breast cancer. Researchers discovered that it helped to ease anxiety around the participants’ cancer treatments and also positively impacted their working memory! 9. Switch Things Up Although there’s been a recent shift in how we work, a large majority of us still go into the office now and then. How do you commute? By car? By public transport? Or maybe you’re lucky enough to walk home? Taking the same route to and from work every day puts your brain on autopilot. Shake things up by choosing different directions! This can activate the cortex, the part of the brain responsible for processing information. It can also stimulate the hippocampus. At one point in his life, Bill Gates took a different route home every day to stimulate his brain. He’s now worth $133.8 billion dollars. Be more like Bill! 10. Take Advantage of eLearning Growth Engineering LMS is locked and loaded with features to increase engagement. This includes exciting approaches like gamification and social learning. The Research Institute of America found that eLearning improves retention rates by a staggering 40-60%. That’s almost 50% higher than the retention rates seen in classroom-based learning! If you’re catering to modern learners, then Growth Engineering Learning App is the solution for you. Mobile learning is a fantastic way to put learning at your audience’s fingertips. Pew Research found that 86% of smartphone users use their phones to retrieve just-in-time information. Mobile learning also makes use of microlearning. This is where learning is condensed into bite size chunks to make it easier for learners to digest. Studies show that it increases memory retention and makes learning 17% more efficient! Lastly, we have Growth Engineering Authoring Tool. This grants you the ability to create game-based training content. It’s compatible with a multitude of eLearning formats and you can tailor your content in line with your learners’ needs. There are hundreds of apps that are purpose-built to stimulate the brain and hippocampus function. They do so by working on problem-solving, processing speed, attention span and memory. Growth Engineering Authoring Tool allows you to create the same type of content! Additionally, studies have shown that intertwining game mechanics with learning is incredibly effective for improving memory. Final Word There has never been an easier time to grow your hippocampus function. As well as more traditional methods such as exercising and changing your diet, technology has put brain training into overdrive! Using online learning technology to stimulate your brain and keep your hippocampus in tip top shape is more effortless than ever. If you want to join sessiom that will help you to more understanding of the working of brains at 150$ contact me at: nayisengadrianos@gmail.com

Lifestyle change for inflammation

Lifestyle changes Many aspects of a person’s lifestyle can influence inflammation levels. These include: sleep exercise mental health environmental factors, such as pollution smoking drinking alcohol hormone levels aging The following may help someone lower their inflammation levels: Stopping smoking Giving up smoking can help reduce inflammationTrusted Source. It also lowers the risk of many inflammatory conditions and, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), adds up to 10 yearsTrusted Source to a person’s life expectancy. Getting regular exercise Regular exercise works to reduce inflammation in several ways. For example, it can help people maintain a moderate weight, benefit their mental health, and directly reduce the amount of inflammatory chemicals in the body. One 2017 study suggests that getting just 20 minutes of moderate exercise may be enough to reduce TNF levels. The authors note that this may benefit people with low grade inflammation. Looking after mental health Stress is a risk factor for many mental health conditions, and it can also increase inflammation. Depending on a person’s circumstances, they may wish to try: being mindful of when stress arises noticing situations or thoughts that often cause it thinking about ways to manage the triggers, such as asking for help, delegating tasks, or talking with a friend creating time for relaxing activities, such as yoga, meditation, creative hobbies, or being in nature speaking with a therapist or counselor, particularly if chronic stress or anxiety is having an impact on daily life or physical health 4. Relational skills Relational Frame Theory (RFT) relates to human cognition and language development through relational associations. Relational frame theory argues that the building block of human language and higher cognition is relating, i.e. the human ability to create bidirectional links between things. For example, understanding that the words ‘dinner’ and ‘supper’ are two different ways to explain the same thing. Research from 2016 echoes older research that indicates using RFT as an intervention can significantly improve IQ scores in children. The same study found that children also had improved verbal and numeric reasoning skills after the RFT intervention. Activities that involve relational training include: language learning books (“this is a…” and “that is a…”) object comparisons (full cup versus empty cup) amount comparisons (penny versus dime) 5. Musical instruments You don’t have to become the next famous musician to benefit from learning a musical instrument. One study found that just 75 minutesTrusted Source of music lessons per week for 12 weeks significantly increased IQ scores in preschool-aged children. A newer 2021 study also showed that instrumental music training may improve some executive functioning in children ages 6-7. Adults can benefit from music training, too. Another studyTrusted Source found a positive relationship between the duration of musical practice in adults and executive functioning. Given memory’s important role in intelligence, it may benefit your IQ to finally pick up that musical instrument you’ve always wanted to learn. However, just listening to music has benefits, too. A 2018 studyTrusted Source found that a musically-enriched environment could improve children’s verbal IQ scores. 6. New languages It should come as no surprise that learning multiple languages is beneficial to the human brain — and the earlier, the better. However, the age at which you learn a new language may dictate whether or not the practice is helpful in improving your intelligence. A studyTrusted Source from 2020 found that adults who took 11 weeks of language training did not improve their intelligence or IQ scores. However, a recent studyTrusted Source investigated the relationship between early language learning and IQ. The results indicated that language learning through talk and interaction from 18 to 24 months was most beneficial for cognitive outcomes later in life. While learning a new language at any age can helpTrusted Source improve overall cognitive abilities, the critical window for influencing IQ scores is during toddlerhood. 7. Frequent reading There’s no denying how beneficial books are in human cognitive development. In fact, the benefits of development are even more pronounced when books become part of parental bonding activities. In one recent study, researchers discoveredTrusted Source that when parents read aloud to their children, the child had greater language and cognitive development skills. 8. Continued education Education, in any form, is crucial to the development of human intelligence. In a reviewTrusted Source of studies on IQ and education, over 600,000 participants were studied to determine the effect of education on IQ levels. Researchers found that participants experienced a boost of one to five IQ points for every additional year of formal education.

some natural remedies for inflammation

Natural remedies for inflammation may reduce overall inflammation levels in the body. People can try anti-inflammatory diets, supplements, and lifestyle changes. Inflammation is part of the body’s response to injury and illness. In the short term, it helps the body heal. However, long-term inflammation can cause or worsen chronic health conditions. Some people may find that lowering inflammation eases symptoms of certain conditions, such as arthritis. This article will look at a range of natural remedies for inflammation Inflammation is part of the body’s natural response to illness. It causes blood vessels to dilate, which allows more white and red blood cells to reach areas of the body that are damaged. In the short term, inflammation is helpful. Acute inflammation helps the body heal from things such as injuries or infections. However, in the long term, inflammation can be harmful. Chronic inflammation is involved in numerous health conditions, such as arthritis, autoimmune conditions, and inflammatory bowel disease. According to one 2023 articleTrusted Source, chronic inflammatory diseases are a leading cause of death worldwide. Can I reduce inflammation naturally? It is possible to reduce inflammation naturally. However, the extent to which natural remedies work can depend on the cause of the inflammation. For example, someone with a recurring infection will have inflammation as a result of the infection. Natural remedies may help reduce the symptoms, but they will not address the underlying problem. If a person is concerned that inflammation is affecting their health, they should speak with a doctor about their symptoms. Anti-inflammatory diets One of the main ways that people can reduce inflammation naturally is through their diet. Diets that contain a lot of saturated fat and refined sugar have links to higher ratesTrusted Source of inflammation. Foods with a high glycemic index, such as refined carbohydrates, may also contribute. However, it is possible to begin an anti-inflammatory diet by making simple swaps. People can start by reducing the amount of processed, sweetened, or fried foods they eat, and introduce more: Fruits and vegetables: Fruits and vegetables are important sources of vitamins and minerals, as well as antioxidants, which may protect against inflammation. Nuts and seeds: These foods are good sources of vitamins, minerals, and healthy fats. Almonds, in particular, are linked to a lower risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Fiber: Fiber intake has associations with lower levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), which is an inflammatory cytokine. People can increase their fiber intake by eating foods such as beans, legumes, and whole grains. Herbs and spices: Many herbs and spices, such as turmeric, are anti-inflammatory. Turmeric contains curcumin, which is a compound that has positive effects on people with inflammatory conditions such as arthritis, according to a 2018 reviewTrusted Source. Polyphenols: Polyphenols are a type of antioxidant. People can get polyphenols from black or green tea and berries. Healthy fats: Anti-inflammatory fats — such as those present in fish, olives, and avocados — are healthy alternatives to saturated fats. Oily fish contains omega-3, which may link to lower levels of inflammatory compounds such as TNF. Another way that diet can reduce inflammation is by helping people reach or maintain a moderate weight. Obesity is a risk factor for inflammation that is independent from a person’s diet. This is due to the substances that fat tissues in the body release, some of which affect inflammation levels. This means that even if someone eats a balanced diet, excess body weight may still affect their inflammation levels.

Can bipolar disorder be managed without medication?

This story was originally published in Group Therapy, a weekly newsletter answering questions sent by readers about what’s been weighing on their hearts and minds. Sign up here to get it in your inbox. Bipolar disorder is one of the most stigmatized and misunderstood mental health conditions in Western culture. As a result, being diagnosed with bipolar disorder can be overwhelming. Stigma — and the shame and isolation that come with it — adds a layer of difficulty to a condition that in and of itself can be very painful. What is bipolar disorder? Bipolar disorder can best be described as a “disorder of energy,” said Melvin McInnis, director of the Heinz C. Prechter Bipolar Research Program at the University of Michigan. People living with bipolar cycle through manic or hypomanic (too much energy) and depressive (little to no energy) mood states, McInnis told me. The frequency, intensity, and length of manic and depressive states vary from person to person. Bipolar disorder is a spectrum. “Every human has variations in their mood and how well they’re feeling on a day-to-day basis,” said Erin Michalak, professor of psychiatry at the University of British Columbia and the founder of Crest.BD, a multidisciplinary collaborative network of researchers, people living with bipolar disorder and their families, and healthcare providers. “Bipolar is a bit different from that; it’s associated with more pronounced variations in mood. Some people will experience periods of psychosis — a disconnection from the reality that other people are seeing around them. People will go through phases where they’re doing really well and experiencing a great quality of life, and then other times they may need to be hospitalized or have real problems with work or relationships. It’s one of the most diverse and varied conditions we see in psychiatry.” The DSM-5, the diagnostic handbook widely used by psychotherapists and psychiatrists in the United States, lists four major categories of bipolar spectrum disorders. You can read more about those here. Because there are so many different ways bipolar can present, it’s often misdiagnosed as major depression, anxiety, psychosis, autism, ADHD, or personality disorders. When that happens, appropriate treatment is delayed, experts said — sometimes for many years. As recently as the 1990s, bipolar was seen as a categorically severe and rare condition that affected only adults. Now, in addition to recognizing the condition as a spectrum, researchers believe that up to 4% of U.S. children and adults live with bipolar, according to the American Psychological Assn. That’s a lot of people. But because of harmful portrayals of bipolar disorder in the media and a general lack of public education about the condition, it’s still heavily stigmatized, leading to restricted work opportunities and harassment. People with the disorder may unintentionally internalize these beliefs, which negatively affects how they see themselves and what they’re able to accomplish in this world. Things are getting better, though, thanks to increased awareness of bipolar and all its nuances — largely because of the dogged advocacy of people who live with it. Andrea Vassilev was diagnosed with bipolar when she was 14 years old. “I went from being the happiest girl on the block to suicidally depressed in a matter of weeks,” she said. “There was no ignoring it.” Now a doctoral candidate and therapist specializing in the psychological treatment of bipolar disorder in L.A., Vassilev uses her platform to address stigma head-on. “People can feel really awful about who they are because they have this condition,” Vassilev told me. “They think it defines them. Having lived with bipolar since I was a teen, I don’t see it that way.” How is bipolar disorder treated? As our readers alluded to in their questions, the front-line treatment for bipolar disorder is almost always medication. In particular, mood stabilizers can help balance out the highs and lows of mania and depression. The most commonly prescribed mood stabilizer for bipolar disorder is lithium. While it can be highly effective for many people, the drug doesn’t work for everyone. About a third of people find a lot of relief from lithium, while another third find it somewhat effective. The final third isn’t helped at all by the medication. These efficacy rates are similar to those seen among antidepressants. Lithium and other mood stabilizers are generally used long term when treating bipolar, and like other medications, they come with risks. Extended use of lithium can lead to chronic kidney or thyroid issues. There are side effects to all mood stabilizers in the short term, too, which may be one reason our readers are concerned about themselves or their loved ones taking these meds. “Any medication comes with a balance of risks and benefits,” McInnis said. “How important is it for someone to take these medications and stay well, as opposed to the risks of taking them?” Another big reason people feel uncomfortable with the idea of taking psychiatric medications long term is stigma, Vassilev said. If you’re prescribed insulin for diabetes, it’s a given that you’ll have to take it the rest of your life, and people are way less likely to resist that fact. “Because mood stabilizers are treating our brains, though, it can feel like it’s about who we are,” Vassilev said. “People sometimes don’t want to take medication because they fear that it’ll change who they are. But in actuality, medication can bring you back to your baseline.” Researchers are trying to find other pharmacological ways to manage the condition, especially for those whom medications like lithium don’t work. Studies into the use of psilocybin (otherwise known as magic mushrooms) and ketamine for the treatment of bipolar are promising, but more research needs to be done before those potential pathways to relief become mainstream, experts said. Vassilev said she’s benefited greatly from regular intravenous ketamine infusions. “Over time, ketamine has changed the quality and frequency of my depressive episodes,” she said. “I don’t get as depressed.” Vassilev urges caution, though, when pursuing ketamine treatment — which is available widely but quite expensive — as it can cause mania if not administered properly. “It should only be done after careful consideration and review by the doctor, who should have knowledge of the person’s patterns and who they are,” McInnis said. “It’s not a panacea.” Psychotherapy is also an integral part of the treatment of bipolar disorder. A UCLA review of 39 clinical trials found that pairing medication with therapy is more effective at preventing bipolar relapses than medication alone. Therapy that’s tailored to the challenges of bipolar is especially helpful — most therapists aren’t rigorously trained in bipolar treatment, so that’s something to ask about when you’re speaking with potential clinicians. Therapy can help people come to terms with the challenges of living with bipolar. “Many people have a hard time believing you can lead a successful, fulfilling life, but it’s completely possible. There are so many shining examples out there,” Vassilev said. “What a lot of those people have in common is self-acceptance.” In therapy, people with bipolar can also learn how to spot the signs of an encroaching episode and ways to stabilize their sleep and exercise, both of which influence mood (irregular circadian rhythms are thought to contribute to episodes of mania and depression). “Everyone should be able to receive psychoeducation about their condition because it’s unique from person to person,” Michalak said. “There’s so much people can do to really empower themselves to live well with this condition.” Some research indicates that a ketogenic diet — which consists of primarily high-fat, low-carb foods — may also minimize symptoms of mood disorders, including bipolar. Studies have been small so far, though, so talk to your psychiatrist if you want to try it out. “Dietary manipulation is not a trivial thing,” McInnis said. Can you manage bipolar without medication? Our readers want to know whether it’s possible to manage bipolar without medication. Experts told me that it’s possible, but also rare, especially for people with more severe forms of the condition. “There’s very little research evidence for people successfully managing bipolar without medication,” Michalak said. “And it really depends on the type of bipolar you’re talking about. I know quite a few people with bipolar II who don’t take mood-stabilizing meds over the long term. That’s very different than bipolar I; most people who are really flourishing with type 1 are taking meds.” The number of people who are able to manage the condition without medication is “probably very small,” Michalak said. “It’s extremely hard work in terms of the amount of monitoring and self-care that’s needed to manage mood and safety. It’s quite a herculean task.” Part of the reason it’s so hard to manage bipolar without medication is that episodes occur out of the blue, even for folks who are doing everything they can to stabilize their mood — including not using drugs or alcohol, exercising regularly, sleeping well and going to therapy, McInnis said. But regimented self-care can go a long way in minimizing the dosage of medications needed to manage bipolar, experts said. Vassilev said that at one point she was able to reduce her lithium dose by 30% because she was getting good aerobic exercise every single day. Final thoughts I asked our experts what they would tell our reader who’s concerned about her daughter taking medications for bipolar over the course of her life. Vassilev said that if she were in a therapy session with our reader, she would ask, “What does your daughter being on medication bring up for you? How do you feel about it? Are you more concerned for her well-being and happiness, or the stigma of taking medication?” “I feel your pain. I really do,” Vassilev said. “But if what you want is for your daughter to live a good life, she can, but she has to take care of herself, and her journey might look a little different than you imagined.” Michalak said she knows that there are a lot of gloomy narratives out there about bipolar. “If you Google ‘bipolar,’ it can be quite terrifying, as are the prominent messages you get from media — that this will be a very severe condition, linked to higher rates of suicide. It’s really important to remember that with bipolar, people can and do live full lives with excellent health.” And bipolar is a condition that can come with great assets, Michalak said. “People with bipolar can be so creative and have abilities for lateral thinking that really enrich them as human beings and their contributions to society.” While our reader’s daughter might be struggling now, Michalak said, having a supportive family and access to treatment “is a solid place to be.” “There’s a high probability that her daughter will do just fine in that environment,” she said. “You really have to hold on to that piece of hope at these early stages.” . . . I wish I could deliver a different answer than I did today. I wish I could say that people living with bipolar could find relief without working really hard. In this way, bipolar and mental illness writ large is an unfair card to be dealt. But if you or someone you care about has the condition, I do hope you’ll walk away with more optimism, both for what can be done today to manage it and for promising treatments in the research pipeline.

Coping With Bipolar Depression

Monitor your symptoms: Track your symptoms on a chart. It can help you identify the first signs of a new depressive episode, whether your medication is working, and what coping skills are helping you the most. Create a safety plan: Bipolar depression is dangerous and has to be taken seriously. Rates of suicide and self-harm are very high, so you absolutely do need a plan for what to do if those urges ever happen. Have a safety plan and share it with your therapist, prescriber, and some supportive friends and family members. Stay in touch with your healthcare provider: Make sure you report any symptoms or side effects you’re experiencing to your healthcare provider. Don’t stop taking your medications without discussing it with them first. Seek support: During a depressive episode, you may find yourself withdrawing from people and isolating yourself. However, it’s important to surround yourself with loved ones and seek their help when you need it. Stay active: Try to stay active and get some exercise every day. Go for a walk, jog, swim, or bike ride, or do any other activity you prefer.

Bipolar Depression Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

Bipolar depression is a period of low mood, fatigue, and lack of motivation that someone with bipolar disorder may experience. Bipolar disorder is a chronic mood disorder that affects close to 3% of people in the United States.1 This condition can cause people to experience severe fluctuations in mood, energy levels, concentration, thought patterns, and behavior.2 People with bipolar disorder have different types of mood episodes, says Aimee Daramus, PsyD, a licensed clinical psychologist and author of “Understanding Bipolar Disorder.” The different types of mood states include:2 Depression: Depressive episodes involve periods of low mood where the person experiences symptoms of depression. This state is referred to as bipolar depression. Mania: Manic episodes are characterized by elevated energy and activity, where the person barely sleeps, has racing thoughts, talks very fast, and tries to do several things at once. Hypomania: Hypomania is a less severe form of mania. Mixed: Mixed episodes involve both depressive and manic symptoms. Euthymia: These are periods of normal mood where the person is calm and happy. Symptoms of Bipolar Depression According to Dr. Daramus, someone who is experiencing an episode of bipolar depression may have all the symptoms of major depressive disorder (commonly referred to as depression or clinical depression). The symptoms of bipolar depression may include:3 Feelings of sadness Emotional numbness or emptiness Feelings of hopelessness or worthlessness Feelings of guilt or shame Preoccupation with personal failures or losses Worry or anxiety Indifference or lack of interest in activities Withdrawal and isolation Restlessness or a feeling of moving in slow motion Difficulty concentrating and making decisions A tendency to speak slowly, forget what they were saying, or feeling like there’s nothing to say Difficulty going about their day or doing simple things Low motivation Fatigue and tiredness Changes in appetite and weight Insomnia or hypersomnia Thoughts of self-harm or suicide A depressive episode can last for several days or weeks and the person may experience symptoms every day, for most of the day.3 If you are having suicidal thoughts, contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 988 for support and assistance from a trained counselor. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911. For more mental health resources, see our National Helpline Database. Causes of Bipolar Depression These are some of the factors that can contribute to the risk of developing bipolar disorder:3 Biological factors: People who have bipolar disorder may have differences in the structure and functioning of their brain. Genetic factors: Bipolar disorder usually has a strong genetic influence, so someone who has a biological relative with bipolar disorder may be more likely to have it too, says Dr. Daramus. In fact, Dr. Daramus notes that the genetic influence may cross over with certain other disorders such as schizophrenia as well. So, for instance, she says someone may be more likely to develop bipolar disorder if they have a family history of schizophrenia. Seasonal factors: Some people may find that their bipolar disorder is seasonal, says Dr. Daramus. According to a 2013 study, depressive episodes are more common in winter; whereas, manic episodes are more common in summer.4 Emotional factors: Having relationship problems or emotional issues can increase the likelihood of experiencing a depressive episode, according to Dr. Daramus.

What to Know About Coming Out of a Manic Episode

A manic episode occurs when a person who has bipolar disorder feels extremely active and energetic, often beyond their control, says Aimee Daramus, PsyD, a licensed clinical psychologist and author of “Understanding Bipolar Disorder.” These are some of the characteristics of a manic episode:1 Feeling either euphorically happy or irritable and disagreeable Having a high level of energy and being very active, to the point of feeling wired and doing multiple things at a time Having racing thoughts and ideas that are difficult to pin down Not needing much sleep and feeling energetic, despite not having slept much in days Talking a lot more than usual and very fast, making it difficult for others to keep up Behaving impulsively and recklessly. According to Dr. Daramus, this could involve partying too hard, spending too much money, driving too fast, making risky investments, behaving aggressively, or taking on ambitious or unrealistic new projects Having an increased appetite for food, alcohol, and other pleasures Having beliefs of grandiosity and feeling exceptionally confident, talented, powerful, important, and invincible Developing obsessions and pursuing them relentlessly, no matter how unviable they are Experiencing symptoms of psychosis such as hallucinations and delusions, and being unable to distinguish between what’s real and what isn’t Displaying restless behaviors, such as fidgeting and pacing Becoming a danger to yourself or the people around you According to a 2021 study, manic episodes last approximately 3.5 months on average.2 For people who are not receiving treatment, a manic episode can last between three and six months. With effective treatment, the episode may end in under three months. “Sometimes, if it’s caught early, a change in medication can stop a manic episode. If that doesn’t work, you just have to ride it out,” says Dr. Daramus. 9 Things Not to Say to Someone Who Has Bipolar Disorder Signs a Manic Episode Is Ending These are some signs that a manic episode is ending, according to Dr. Daramus: Slowing down and feeling less urgent and pressured all the time Feeling more tired and getting more sleep Being able to think more clearly, even if your memories of the manic episode are fuzzy Making fewer impulsive decisions Feeling overwhelmed by all the projects you’ve taken on Feeling embarrassed about the way you behaved during the manic episode Feeling low and depressed The end of a manic episode can be painful if you have to face the consequences of things you did during mania. It can be rough if your actions during mania have hurt your relationships or finances, or if you did something impulsive or illegal. — Aimee Daramus, PsyD What Happens When a Manic Episode Ends When a manic episode ends, you may be able to return to normal functioning, or you may experience a depressive episode, characterized by the following symptoms: Feeling low, sad, or anxious Feeling lethargic and slow Having difficulty making decisions Not being able to focus or remember things Sleeping too much or having an irregular sleep pattern Speaking slowly or feeling like there’s not much to say Losing interest in work, relationships, and activities Struggling with basic day-to-day activities Feeling hopeless and inadequate Having thoughts about death or suicide Some people have irregular and unpredictable episodes of mania and depression, whereas others have a more regular pattern of mania followed by depression, or vice versa. People with bipolar disorder may cycle between these episodes slowly or rapidly, with or without a break period of normal functioning in between. If you are having suicidal thoughts, contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 988 for support and assistance from a trained counselor. For more mental health resources, see our National Helpline Database. Get Help Now We've tried, tested, and written unbiased reviews of the best online therapy programs, including Brightside, which treats bipolar disorder. Find out which option is the best for you. Coping With the End of a Manic Episode These are some strategies that can be helpful as you’re coming out of a manic episode: See your healthcare provider: Dr. Daramus recommends seeing your healthcare provider immediately as they can prescribe medication or adjust the medication you’re taking. Your healthcare provider can also provide therapy and support as you deal with the aftermath of the manic episode or start experiencing a depressive episode. Take your medication consistently: Medication may be able to reduce the symptoms of mania, end the manic episode faster, help you regain normal functioning, prevent a depressive episode, and stabilize your mood.3 It’s important to take your medication regularly, exactly as prescribed by your healthcare provider. Inform your healthcare provider if you experience any side effects. Don’t stop taking the medication without discussing it with them, even if you’re feeling better. Opt for calming environments: Stimulating places and activities can trigger mania and prolong it. Avoid busy, loud, or brightly decorated places and opt for more relaxing and soothing places and activities instead. Build a healthy routine: It can sometimes be difficult to maintain a healthy routine when you’re in the midst of a manic episode—you might not sleep or get very little sleep for days at a time, according to Dr. Daramus. As the episode comes to an end, it can be helpful to start rebuilding your routine by maintaining consistent bedtimes and mealtimes and exercising regularly. Seek social support: Connect with friends and family members and let them know how you’re feeling and how they can help. You may have to repair some relationships that were damaged during the manic episode. Note down your symptoms: Maintain a journal in which you note down your mood and symptoms every day. This can help your healthcare provider better understand your condition and track any patterns in your episodes. Avoid substances: Avoid using substances such as alcohol, cannabis, or drugs, as they can interfere with medication and worsen the symptoms of bipolar disorder.

Can You Manage Bipolar Disorder Without Medication?

An estimated 4.4% of adult Americans experience bipolar disorder at some point in their lives.1 If you're one of them, you may feel like you're on an emotional roller coaster, with highs and lows that are hard to control. But you also might be hesitant to treat your bipolar disorder with medication because of its potential side effects, leading you to wonder how to 'fix' bipolar disorder without meds. Unfortunately, bipolar disorder has no cure, but it can be effectively managed with treatment. While medication is often an essential part of this treatment plan, taking prescription drugs isn't the only way to help ease bipolar disorder symptoms. There are several non-medicinal things you can also do to help manage your bipolar disorder. What is the most important information I should know about bipolar disorder medications? Not taking bipolar disorder medications as prescribed can lead to significant risks to your health and well-being, including an increased risk of hospitalizations and suicide attempts.2 Therefore, the below strategies should be considered complementary, working alongside other interventions such as medication and therapy. Mental Health Activities for Bipolar Disorder If you are living with bipolar disorder, you may find that there certain mental health therapies and activities can help improve your mood, cognition, and overall functioning. Some options backed by research include: Art Therapy Art therapy can be a creative and therapeutic way for someone with bipolar disorder to express their emotions while also being low-risk and high-benefit.3 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps identify and change negative thoughts and behavior patterns. It can reduce the risk of bipolar disorder relapse, improve depression symptoms and mania severity, and promote healthier psychosocial function.4 Journaling Journaling can help you track your moods and identify triggers for your symptoms. The two main types of journaling used in psychotherapy are expressive writing (writing down your innermost thoughts and feelings) and gratitude journaling (writing down things you are thankful for).5 Problem-Solving Doing problem-solving exercises can help you learn how to deal effectively with stressful situations. One study of 30 years of research noted that when part of family-focused therapy, learning problem-solving skills can help speed recovery from mood episodes and reduce bipolar symptom severity.6 Relaxation Techniques Relaxation techniques such as yoga, meditation, and deep breathing can help reduce stress and promote feelings of calmness and well-being. People with bipolar disorder have a higher risk of being exposed to trauma and developing post-trauma symptoms. Relaxation techniques can help reduce post-trauma effects, such as by reducing nightmare frequency and severity.7 Lifestyle Changes for Bipolar Disorder In addition to engaging in positive mental health practices like the ones mentioned above, making lifestyle changes can help you better manage your bipolar disorder. Some lifestyle changes that may be beneficial include:8 Sticking to a routine: Creating a daily routine and sticking to it can help to stabilize your moods. Try to wake up and go to bed at the same time each day, eat regular meals, and schedule regular times for exercise and relaxation. Eating a healthy diet: Eating a healthy, balanced diet can help improve your overall mood and energy levels. Include plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein in your diet. Exercising regularly: Exercise provides many mental health benefits. It can help improve your mood, sleep, and energy levels, for instance.9 A moderate amount of exercise is the best way to start—aim for 30 minutes of exercise most days of the week. Avoiding alcohol and drugs: Alcohol and drugs can worsen bipolar symptoms.10 If you are struggling with substance abuse, it is important to seek professional help. Managing stress: Stress can trigger bipolar symptoms. Stress also leads to inflammation, further contributing to bipolar disorder.11 Learning how to manage stress through relaxation techniques, exercise, and healthy coping mechanisms can help prevent episodes of mania or depression. Managing a Manic Episode If you are experiencing a manic episode, there are a few things that you can do. Below are some actions you can take "in the moment" to help manage a manic episode:12 Remove yourself from the situation: If you are in a situation that triggers your symptoms, it may be helpful to remove yourself from the situation. Practice relaxation techniques: Relaxation techniques such as deep breathing and progressive muscle relaxation can help reduce stress and promote feelings of calmness. Engage in physical activity: Physical activity can help release endorphins, among other benefits, which can improve your mood. Activities to consider doing include aerobic exercise, yoga, and Tai Chi. Talk to someone you trust: Talking to a friend or family member about what you are experiencing can help reduce feelings of isolation and loneliness. In addition, it is common in a manic episode to not be able to assess your behavior accurately. Using a trusted loved one's input can be important. Identify your triggers: If you can identify what triggers your manic episode, you can try to avoid these triggers in the future. Potential Risks of Not Taking Your Bipolar Medication If you have bipolar disorder and don't take your medication, you may be at risk of developing serious complications. Below are some of the potential risks associated with not taking medication for bipolar disorder: You May Experience More Severe Symptoms If you don't take your medication for bipolar disorder, you may experience more severe symptoms. This can lead to a greater risk of hospitalizations or an increased risk of suicide attempts.2 If you are having suicidal thoughts, contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 988 for support and assistance from a trained counselor. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911. For more mental health resources, see our National Helpline Database. Your Symptoms May Be More Difficult to Manage Without medication, your symptoms may be more difficult to manage.13 This can make it harder to live a normal, productive life. In addition, there is some evidence that untreated mood episodes may become harder to treat over time.14 You May Be at a Higher Risk for Substance Abuse If you don't take medication for bipolar disorder, you may also be at a higher risk for substance abuse.15 This is to some degree because people with bipolar disorder often self-medicate with alcohol or drugs. Your Relationships May Suffer Bipolar disorder can put a significant strain on your relationships.16 If you don't take your medication for the condition, you may find it hard to maintain healthy relationships with the people in your life. This can also worsen outcomes because having a solid support system in your life is important to manage your condition. Medications for Bipolar Disorder While the above strategies can help you cope with some symptoms of bipolar disorder, medication is often an essential part of the long-term management of this mental health condition.2 Medication can help stabilize your moods and prevent episodes of mania or depression. A mental health professional can help find the best medication for you. Medications that are commonly used to treat bipolar disorder include:17 Mood stabilizers: Mood stabilizers such as lithium, which is available under the brand names Eskalith and Lithobid, can help stabilize your moods and prevent episodes of mania or depression. Antipsychotics: Antipsychotic medications such as Seroquel (quetiapine) and Zyprexa (olanzapine) can help treat psychotic symptoms and mania. Antidepressants: Antidepressant medications such as Prozac (fluoxetine) and Zoloft (sertraline) can be used to treat depression, although these need to be used with caution as they can potentially trigger mania or worsen mood cycling. Anti-anxiety medications: Anti-anxiety medications such as Ativan (lorazepam) and Xanax (alprazolam) can be used to treat anxiety and sleep issues. Anticonvulsants: These medications are used to treat seizure disorders, but they can also be helpful in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Types of anticonvulsants that are FDA-approved to treat bipolar disorder include Depakote (divalproex sodium), Tegretol (carbamazepine), and Lamictal (lamotrigine). Off-Label Bipolar Medications Some medications may be prescribed off-label to treat bipolar disorder. That means that their use has not been FDA-approved for that particular indication. Examples of drugs that are sometimes prescribed off-label for bipolar disorder include Topamax (topiramate), Trileptal (oxcarbazepine), Wellbutrin (bupropion), Zoloft (sertraline), and Prozac (fluoxetine). Such medications are sometimes prescribed if other treatments have not been effective or have led to intolerable side effects. Can Bipolar Disorder Go Away Naturally? Bipolar disorder is a chronic, lifelong condition. However, with proper management, people with bipolar disorder can live healthy and productive lives. Bipolar medication is necessary to manage mood swings and prevent a relapse of symptoms. Even if you are not currently experiencing mood swings associated with bipolar disorder, not getting the proper treatment increases your risk of complications when mania or depressive symptoms do occur. There are complementary approaches you can use, including lifestyle changes and mental health activities, that can help you manage your condition. However, that does not eliminate the need for appropriate medication and other treatments. If you are not currently taking medication for bipolar disorder, it is important to seek professional help. A mental health professional can help create a bipolar disorder treatment plan that is right for you.

Yuhi V Musinga

Uwo impuruza iratira indamutsaWa rudakubana Icumu lindutira imikore Nabonye likunda kuvuna inkiko 5 înkazo mu rugerero nzirinda gukubana : Nzikotanira ahashisha abatasi abatabazi mbatoza gukora intambara. Abishimanaga intanage babona intabaza iranzanye 10 nayihinduye amashahu Ishisha ab’amakenga. Mbaye intwali y’ingabo Inganizi nzirusha gutabara Ziteranira n’ingimbi mu ngerero. 15 Ingesa-binyita atora abakoni Ati : »Nimukulikire uwo ingoma irata ! Ubwo ashyikiliye Rwego Ikaba izisumbya urubega, Igumya kurangwa n’amarere 20 mu Brambiei nta kihasigara!” Numvise ko ayirikana nk’intore, Intoki nziyirakaliza mu gifunga: Iyo mfuruta itwaza abakogoto. Ngishyikirana n’umufozi 25 Mukumutera ndatinduka. Nkuye mu gitugu Ikuza limukubita nk’inkuba, Limutebejemo ibigembe arataka, Limutungutse mu bitugu 30 impundaza ayihaza umutuku Uruti rumwesa hejuru y’umutana, Umutarati we arawugwira. Nti:”Uw’Ingabo itajorwa Injunga imuhejeje mu rugamba rw’inkwaya 35 ali ukuzisumbya inkubito !” Iy’Inkubita-ruguma irayirengera: Igumya kurangurura ijwi mu gitero, Uwo iturubitse icondo Imuciraho inkamba, 40 inkagwe azirekera asinda icumu. Ati: “Uw’ingabo y’intwaza-bafozi Yinigiwe n’impundaza Impuruza ikiliho imulishyo!” Zimaze gushyikirana n’abakogoto 45 ntihagira ivuka: Nali nazivugiye imbere. Numva iy’Imbabaza-mahanga Irohera mu rugamba rw’imikore : Irugeze ku mukondo 50 na we agumya kurukongeza n’amakuza, Uwe amuheza muli ayo makuba. Amaze kumukuraho ibinyita Ati: “Uw’ingabo ya Nyimbuzi Imbaza imutambitse hagati y’inkwaya 55inkomeli zirizera”. Izo ngabo zigumya kuzimbanwa ababisha, Shebuja azingiza Rwogera; Iya Rwogezwa-mu-mahina Ibonye ko urugamba ruhanikiye abatinyi, 60 igumya gutoza ingabo amarere. Uwayo imutambitse ku iteme Na we amwigiraho rutinywa, Ati: “Uw’ingabo ya Rutayegayezwa muroheyeho nk’imfizi y’intare 65 nkibasumbya intambwe zo gutabara. Iya Rutera-bwoba Irwanira Gufata mpili; Uwo yuhiye impundaza ku isibo Agumya kumwesaho umurera 70 ati:”Uw’ingabo ya Murakaza-bagabo Mutambitse hagati y’ingamba Abagabo b’inganizi bagitinya kuvuna impuruza”. Iy’imputa-bigwi Yihutira kunesha inkwaya 75 i Nkole tuyihindura imirambo: Imirera yihalira intambara. Mwene Ntare yihuta ayo gusiga intashya, Ajya guhebya abo kwa Mutana. Ni abasanzwe bahagalika umutima ko mbatera, 80. agitunguka batanguranwa kumubaza, Bti : « Ko wihungura ku matwi Ukaba wahindutse umutuku Utacyitangilije inkwaya Utazi ko wabaye inkomeli, 85 aho iyo Nkole wayisizemo abantu ?” Ati:” Keretse abaduteye! Badutakishije bugisesa! Twasakiranye ncyugurura. Bajemo umusore w’igihame, 90 yirahiliye mu irembo Yivuga ngo ni Impamiliza-gushyitsa ! Twasakiranye mu gitondo Ni we watumye ngenda nikunga, N’abankulikiraga yabakuyeho ibinyita! 95 Nimuvane inka mu nzira: Mutewe ,’Inzovu y’ichubahiro Abangikanye n’Intwali-y’icyusa N’Incyaha-baganizi. 100 mwashilira ku murongo”.

Inganji Karinga: Igice Cya IV

Amasekuruza y’abami Ingoma nyiginya Ubucura-bwenge n’amazina y’Abami. 1- Kugira ngo tugerageze kuvuga imyaka Aba-nyiginya baba bamaze ino, ibyiza ni ukubanza kubabwira ishingiro duheraho, lyerekana ko atali ugupfa kwifindafindira gusa. Ilyo shingiro ni Ubucura-bwenge, ali bwo Amasekuruza y’Abami. Ubucura-bwenge ni bwo bukulikiranya Amazina y’Abami nta wamenya igihe Ubucura-bwenge bwahimbiwe. Na byo ni nka byabindi twavuze: Abamiba mbere igituma kenshi batazwi cyane, Ubucura-bwenge bwali butarahimbwa. Hanyuma babonye akamaro kabwo buraza, kugira ngo Ibitekerezo by’Abami bibukulikize. Hanyuma Abasizi na bo babwenderaho : Ibisigo byaje hanyuma ku ngoma ya Ruganzu II Ndoli, bigashingira ku mazina yo mu Bucura-bwenge. Nyamara rero ntihagire abakeka ko Ubucura-bwenge butondagura amazina y’Amasekuruza y’Abagabekazi buyakuye ruhandi: bagenda bendamo ab’ingenzi bazwi, kugira ngo berekane neza ubwoko Umugabekazi yavuyemo. 2 – Ubu Bucura-bwenge mugiye kubona, bwavuzwe n’abantu benshi cyane. Na none Abacura-bwenge bagiraga uwo mwuga wabo ; aliko rero Abatutsi benshi babaye i Bwami batali Abacura-bwenge barabutoraga, nk’uko batoraga Ibisigo kandi atali Abasizi.Simbabwira rero nti : «Abacura-bwenge ntibabumenya kimwe : haba uw’umuhanga cyane, urusha abandi kumenya amazina menshi y’Abasekuruza b’Abagabekazi. Abandi benshi babumenya igice. Byose rero wabishyira hamwe, bikuzuzanya: igice umwe atazi neza kikuzuzwa n’undi utazi wenda cyakindi bakubwiye mbere ! Ubucura-bwenge. 3 -Uyu Mwami twimitse ni MUTARA, izina lye ali Umututsi ni RUDAHIGWA. Nyina ni NYIRAMAVUGO, izina lye ali Umututsi ni KANKAZI ka Mbanzabigwi, ya Rwakagara, rwa Gaga, lya Mutezintare, wa Sesonga, ya Makara, ya Kiramira cya Mucuzi, wa Nyantabana, ya Bugirande, bwa Ngoga, ya Gihinira, cya Ndiga, ya Gahutu, ka Serwega, rvea Mututsi: akaba Umukobwa w’Abega. Nyina ni Nyiranteko ya Nzagura ya Mbonyingabo akaba umukobwa w’Abashambo. Aho ga nyine, Abega bakabyarana Abami n’Abanyiginya 4 – Mutara ni uwa YUHI; izina lye ali Umututsi ni MUSINGA. Nyina ni NYIRAYUHI; izina lye ali Umututsi ni KANJOGERA, ka Rwakagara rwa Gaga lya Mutezintare wa Sesonga ya Makara ya Kiramira cya Mucuzi wa Nyantabana ya Bugirande bwa Ngoga ya Gihinira cya Ndiga ya Gahutu ka Serwega rwa Mututsi; akaba Umukobwa w’Abega. Nyina ni Nyiramashyongoshyo ya Mukotanyi wa Kimana cya Kabajyonjya ka Rwaka rwa Yuhi Mazimpaka Umwami wa Rubanda : akaba umukobwa w’Abanyiginya. Aho ga nyine, Abega bakabyarana Abami n’Abanyiginya ! 5 – Yuhi ni uwa KIGELI; izina lye ali Umututsi akaba RWABUGILI; nyina ni NYIRAKIGELI, izina lye ali Umututsi akaba MURORUNKWERE, wa Mitali ya Cumu lya Giharangu cya Mutima wa Matana ya Babisha ba Samutaga wa Byunga bya Bigilimana bya Sagashya ka Sakera ka Sakayumbu ka Mwezantandi wa Ntandayera ya Mukono wa Mututsi: akaba Umukobwa w’Abakono. Nyina ni Nyirangeyo ya Rukundo rwa Maronko : akaba umukobwa w’Abashambo. Aho ga nyine, Abakono bakabyarana Abami n’Abanyiginya! 6 – Kigeli ni uwa MUTARA, izina lye ali Umututsi akaba RWOGERA. Nyina ni NYIRAMAVUGO, izina lye ali Umututsi akaba NYIRAMONGI, ya Gaga lya Mutezintare wa Sesonga ya Makara ya Kiramira cya Mucuzi wa Nyantabana ya Bugirande bwa Ngoga ya Gihinira cya Ndiga ya Gahutu ka Serwega rwa Mututsi: akaba Umukobwa w’Abega. Nyina ni Nyiragahwehwe ka Minyaruko ya Kabeba ka Byami bya Shumbusho lya Ruherekeza rwa Zuba lya Gitore cya Kigeli Mukobanya Umwami wa Rubanda : akaba umukobwa w’Abanyiginya. Aho ga nyine, Abega bakabyarana Abami n’Abanyiginya! 7 – Mutara ni uwa YUHI, izina lye ali Umututsi akaba GAHINDIRO Nyina ni NYIRAYUHI, izina lye ali Umututsi akaba NYIRATUNGA, lya Rutabana rwa Nyakiroli cya Makara ya Kiramira cya Mucuzi wa Nyantabana ya Bugirafde bwa Ngoga ya Gihinira cya Ndiga ya Gahutu ka Serwega rwa Mututsi : akaba umukobwa w’Abega. Nyina ni Nyiramwami wa Shumbusho lya Muhoza wa Ruregeya: akaba umukobwa w’Abagesera. Ahoga nyine, Abega bakabyarana Abami n’Abanyiginya! 8 -Yuhi ni uwa MIBAMBWE, izina lye ali Umututsi akaba SENTABYO. Nyina ni NYIRAMIBAMBWE, izina lye ali Umututsi akaba NYIRATAMBA; lya Sesonga, ya Makara ya Kiramira cya Mucuzi wa Nyantabana ya Bugirandee bwa Ngoga ya Gihinira cya Ndiga ya Gahutu ka Serwega rwa Mututsi : akaba Umukobwa w’Abega. Nyina ni Nyiramacyuliro ya Rusimbi rwa Magenda ya Gasimbuzi ka Senyamisange ya Muyogoma wa juru lya Yuhi Gahima Umwami wa Rubanda : akaba umukobwa w’Abanyiginya. Aho ga nyine, Abega bakabyarana Abami n’Abanyiginya! 9 – Mibambwe ni uwa KIGELI, iziha lye ali Umututsi akaba NDABARASA. Nyina ni NYIRAKIGELI, izina lye ali Umututsi akaba RWESERO rwa Muhoza wa Ruregeya : akaba UMukobwa w’Abagesera. Nyina ni Mboyire ya Rujuhe rwa Censha lya Nyirabahaya: akaba umukobwa w’Abahondogo. Aho ga nyine, Abagesera bakabyarana Abami n’Abanyiginya ! 10 – Kigeli ni uwa CYILIMA, izina lye ali Umututsi akaba RUJUGIRA. Nyina ni NYIRACYILIMA, izina lye ali Umututsi akaba KIRONGORO cya Kagoro ka Nyamugenda akaba Umukobyva w’Abega. Nyina akaba Nyanka ya Migambi ya Rukundo rwa Ntaraganda ya Nkomokomo : akaba umukobwa w’Ababanda. Aho ga nyine, Abega bakabyarana Abami n’Abanyiginya ! 11 – Cyilima ni uwa YUHI, izina lye ali Umututsi akaba MAZIMPAKA. Nyina ni NYIRAYUHI, izina lye akili Umututsi akaba NYAMAREMBO ya Majinya ya Byunga bya Bigilimana bya Sagashya ka Sakera ka Sakayumbu ka Mwezantandi wa Ntandayera ya Mukono wa Mututsi : akaba Umukobwa w’Abakono. Nyina ni Nyamyishwa ya Musanzu wa Cyankumba cya Juru lya Yuhi Gahima Umwami wa Rubanda, akaba umukobwa w’Abanyiginya. Aho ga nyine, Abakono bakabyarana Abami n’Abanyiginya ! 12 – Yuhi ni uwa MIBAMBWE, izina lye akili Umututsi akabaGISANURA. Nyina ni NYIRAMIBAMBWE, izina lye ali Umututsi akabaNYABUHORO bwaRwiru rwa Rubona rwa. Mukubu Wa Mushyoma wa Bitungwa bya Nkona ya Rubaga rwa Mutashya wa Gihumbi, akaba umukobwa w’Abaha. Nyina ni Nyiramugondo wa Muyogoma Wa Juru lya Yuhi Gahima Umwami wa Rubanda. Akaba umukobwa w’Abanyigiriya. Aho ga nyine; Abaha bakabyarana Abami n’Abanyiginya! 13 –Mibambwe ni uwa KIGELI, izina lye akili Umututsi akaba NYAMUHESHERA. Nyina ni NYIRAKIGELI; izina lye akili Umututsi akaba NCENDELI, ya Gisiga cya Semugonclo : akaba Umukobwa w’Abega. Nyina akaba Ncekeli ya Ruhomwa rwa Kinanira cya Juru lya Yuhi Gahima Umwami wa Rubanda: akaba umukobwa w’Abanyiginya ! Aho ga nyine, Abega bakabyarana Abami n’Abanyiginya ! 14 – Kigeli ni uwa MUTARA, izina lye ali Umututsi akaba SEMUGESHI. Nyina ni NYIRAMAVUGO, izina lye ali Umututsi akaba NYIRAKABOGO ka Gashwira ka Bugirande bwa Ngoga ya Gihinira cya Ndiga ya Gahutu ka Serwega rwa Mututsi:. akaba Umukobwa w’Abega. Nyina akaba Mfitiki ya Ruherekeza rwa Zuba lya Gitore cya Kigeli Mukobanya Umwami wa Rubanda: akaba umukobwa w’Abanyiginya. Aho ga nyine, Abega bakabyarana Abami n’Abanyiginya! 15 – Mutara ni uwa RUGANZU, izina lye ali Umututsi akaba NDOLI. Nyina ni NYIRARUGANZU, izina lye aliUmututsi akaba NYABACUZI ba Kibogora: akaba Umukobwa w’Abakono. Nyina akaba Nyirarugwe rwa Nkuba ya Bwimba bwa Gitore cya Kigeli Mukobanya Umwamiwa Rubanda: akaba umukobwa w’Abanyiginya. Aho ga nyine, Abakono bakabyarana Abami n’Abanyiginya ! 16 – Ruganzu ni uwa NDAHIRO, izina lye ali Umututsi akaba CYAMATARE. Nyina ni NYIRANDAHIRO, izina lye akili Umututsi akaba NYIRANGABO, ya Nyantabana ya Kamima akaba Umukobwa w’Abega. Nyina akaba Buhorwinka bwa Kigohe cya Cyahi cya Mukuhe wa Cyenge cya Nyanyesa cya Mokobwa wa Ndoba, Umwami wa Rubanda akaba umukobwa w’Abanyiginya. Aho ga nyine Abega babyarana Abami n’Abanyiginya! 17 – Ndahiro ni uwa YUHI, izina lyec ali Umututsi akaba GAHIMA. Nyina akaba NYIRAYUHI. Izina lye akili Umututsi akaba MATAMA ya Bigega bya Ruhaga rwa Rubaga rwa Mutashya wa Gihumbi. Akaba umukobwa w’Abaha.Nyina akaba Nyabyanzu bya Nkuba ya NYabakabanjoakaba umukobwa w’Abongera. Aho ga nyine, Abaha bakabyarana Abami n’Abanyiginya ! 18 – Yuhi ni uwa MIBAMBWE, izina lye aliumututsi akaba MUTABAZI. Nyina ni NYIRAMIBAMBWE, izina jye akili Umututsi akaba NYABADAHA ba Ngoga Ya Gihinira cya Ndiga ya Gahutu ka Serwegra rwa Mututsi, akaba Umukobwa w’Abega.Nyina akabaMageni ya Gikali cya Nsoro, akaba umukobwa w’Abahondogo. Aho ga nyine, Abega bakabyarana Abami n’Abanyiginya ! 19 – Mibambwe ni uwa KIGELI, izina lye akili Umututsi akaba MUKOBANYA. Nyina ni NYIRAKIGELI, izina lye akili Umututsi akaba NYANGUGE ya Sagasha ka Sakera ka Sakayumbu ka Mwezantandi wa Ntandayera ya Mukono wa Mututsi akaba Umukobvva w’Abakono. Nyinaakaba Nyiravuna lya Rweru rwa Nsoro : akaba umukobwa w’Abahondogo. Aho ga nyine, Abakono bakabyarana Abami n’Abanyiginya ! 20- Kigeli ni uwa CYILIMA; izina iye akili Umututsi akaba RUGWE. Nyina ni NYIRACYILIMA, izina lyeakili Umututsi akaba NYAKITAGA cya Ndiga ya Gahutu ka Serwega rwa Mututsi: akaba Umukobwa w’’Abega. Nyina akaba Nyabasanza ba Njwili ya Mupfumpfu wa Ndoba, Umwami wa Rubanda, akaba umukobwa w’Abanyiginya, Aho ga nyine, Abega bakabyarana Abami n’Abanyiginya ! 21 – Cyilima ni uwa RUGANZU. Izina lye akili Umututsi akaba BWIMBA. Nyina ni NYIRARUGANZU, izina lye akili Umututsi akaba NYAKANGA ka Tema lye Lima lye Bare lya Gongo lya Muzora wa Gahuliro ka Jeni lya Rurenge akaba Umukobwaa w’Abasinga. Nyina akaba Nyabitoborwabya Muzora wa Mushambo wa Kanyandorwa ka Gihanga; akaba umukobwa w’Abashambo. Aho ga nyine, Abasinga bakabyarana Abami n’Abanyiginya! 22 – Ruganzu ni uwa NSORO, izina lye ali Umututsi akaba SAMUKONDO. Nyina ni NYIRANSORO, izina lye ali Umututsi akaba NYAKANGA ka Gatondo: akaba Umukobwa w’Abasinga. Nyina ni Kiziga cya Ruhinda rwa Mbogo ya Gishwere ; akaba umukobwa w’Abega. Aho ga nyine, Abasinga bakabyarana Abami n’Abanyiginya ! 23 – Nsoro ni uwa SAMEMBE. Nyina akaba MAGONDO ya Mutashya. Umukobwa w’Abaha. Aho ga nyine, Abaha bakabyarana Abami n’Abanyiginya ! 24 – Samembe ni uwa NDOBA. Nyina ni MONDE ya Gahutu ka Serwega rwa Mututsi; akaba Umukobwa w’Abega. Aho ga nyine, Abega bakabyarana Abami n’Abanyiginya! 25 -Ndoba ni uwa NDAHIRO, izina lye akili Umututsi akaba RUYANGE. Nyina ni NYIRANDAHIRO, izina lye akili Umututsi akaba CYIZIGIRA: Akaba Umukobwa w’Abasinga. Aho ga nyine, Abasinga bakabyarana Abami n’Abanyiginya ! 26 – Ndahiro ni uwa RUBANDA. Nyina akaba NKUNDWA ya Mbazi ya Nyundo: akaba Umukobwa w’Abasinga. Aho ga nyine, Abasinga bakabyarana Abami n’Abanyiginya! 27 – Rubanda ni uwa RUKUGE. Nyina ni NYIRANKINDI ya Kiragira, akaba Umukobwa w’Abasinga. Aho ga nyine, Abasinga bakabyarana Abami n’Abanyiginya! 28 – Rukuge ni uwa NYARUME. Nyina ni NYIRASHYOZA lya Muzora, akaba Umukobwa w’Abasinga. Aho ga nyine, Abasinga bakabyarana Abami n’Abanyiginya! 29 – Nyarume ni uwa RUMEZA. Nyina ni KIREZI cya Rugwana, akaba Umukobwa w’Abasinga. Aho ga nyine, Abasinga bakabyarana Abami n’Abanyiginya! 30 – Rumeza ni uwa YUHI, izina lye ali Umututsi akaba MUSINDI. Nyina ni NYIRAYUHI, izina lye akili Umututsi akaba NYAMATA ya Rwiru akaba Umukobwa w’Abasinga. Aho ga nyine, Abasinga bakabyarana Abami n’Abanyiginya! 31 – Yuhi ni uwa KANYARWANDA, izina lye ali Umututsi akaba GAHIMA. Nyina ni NYIRAKANYARWANDA, izina lye akili Umututsi akaba NYAMUSUSA wa Jeni lya Rurenge : akaba Umukobwa w’Abasinga. Aho ga nyine, Abasinga bakabyarana Abami n’Abanyiginya! 32 – Kanyarwanda ni uwa GIHANGA cyahanze inka n’ingoma, Umwami wa Rubanda wa mbere ! Nyina ni NYIRARUKANGAGA rwa Nyamigezi ya Kabeja : akaba Umukobwa w’Abazigaba. Aho ga nyine, Abazigaba bakabyarana Abami n’Abanyiginya! 33 – Gihanga ni uwa Kazi ka Kizira cya Gisa cya Randa lya Merano ya Kobo ka Kijuru cya Kimanuka cya Muntu wa Kigwa cya Nkuba (ali we Shyerezo). Ngaho iyo mwama Mukuru wa Samukondo, mu mizi yanyu mikuru ! Iby’aba baheruka, mubirebe aho twabanje kubivuga (III, N. 10-12). 34 –( Aba Bami uko twabakulikiranyije, ni 30; aliko rero hanyuma turaza kubona ko habayeho abandi 2 bimye ingoma, aliko bakayibisaho abandi. Abo ntibavugwa mu Bucura-bwenge, kuko basirnbuwe n’abo bava ind’imwe, aho gusimburwa n’abana babo: mpamvu yabiteye tuzayibona hanyuma tugeze ku ngoma zabo. Abasekuruza rero baheraho kubara imyaka y’Abami kuryo 30 y’abagiye basimburwa n’abana babo. Mbega nababwiyeko Padiri Shanwani yanditse ko Ruganzu I Bwimba yali ku goma ahagana mu mwaka y’1400. Uko yabigenjeje, yagiye yenda Abami 7, akabagira imyaka 200 bose hamwe. Impamvu yatumye abyandika atyo ntiyiliwe ayisobanura, kuko yabyandikiraga Abazungu basanzwe babizi. Ubwo rero kuko byandikirwa n’Abanyarwanda, ngiye kubanza kubasobanulira iyo mpamvu. 35- Abahanga mu bumenyi bw’Imilyango babamo icyiciro kimeze nk’uburambe bw’amasekuruza, kugira ngo nibimenyekana ku mubare w’abasekuruza b’umuntu baifindure imyaka bamaze guhera ku wa mbere kugeza kuli uwo akomokaho. Muli abo bacurabwenge b’i Bulayi, ubirusha bose kuri iyi ngoma, abandi bose bakajya bamugenderaho, ni Bwana O. Forst de Battaglin, wo mu Bubiligi. Igitabo yanditse cya bene ubwo bucurabwenge, cyo kwigisha ubwo buhanga, cyaje mu mwaka wa 1913 n n’ubu ni cyo bakulikiza mu mashuli akomeye, iyo bigisha ubwo buhanga. 36- Ajya kubigira, ntimukeke ko yapfuye gufinda ubwo bwenge yiyicaliye mu nzu gusa: yabanje gucakura mu Bulayi hose abigeze kuba Abami, no mu Milyango yindi ikomeye yabayemo abantu bavugwa mu bitekerezo by’ibihugu, basakumira mu bitabo yasomye 50.000 (ibihumbi 50) byali baranditswe mu ndimi 12. N’uko yandika n’amasekuruza y’abo Bami bose bo mu burayi: kandi twibuke ko yavugaga amazina y’abantu bazwi mu bitekerezo byinshi, umuntu wese bakaba bazi umwaka yavukiyemo, n’uwo yasaziyemo. Nta kintu yashoboraga guhimba, kuko byali bizwi.Icyo yarushije abandi ni umwete wo kujya gusoma ibyandikishijwe umukono byo mu ngoro z’i Bulayi hose(yabaga yasabye uruhusa), no gushaka mu bitabo bitabalika byatekerezwagamo ibyo abo Bami n’abao bantu bandi bakomeye babaga baramaze ku ngoma za kera. 37- Aho maliye kwemeza imyaka igisekuruza kimye cyagiye kimara, Abahanga batangiye guhinyuza ngo baraebe ko atabeshya, bagasanga ibyo yavuze by’uburambe bw4igisekuruza bitagira inyuranyo, ni bwo abibayemo immena, agatambuka abamubimbuliye muli ubwo buhanga bundi kugeza ubu. Yaranditse rero ati: “Amasekuruza y’umilyango umwe, iyo ugiye uyakulikiranyauhereye ku wa mbere uzana hino, (cyangwa se uvana hino ujyana ku wa mbere) wasanga Igisekuruza kimwe cyaragiye kimara imyaka 30, cyangwa 33.” Ibyo na none yabivugaga yerekeje ku bihugu by’i Bulayi bitabamo indwara, kandi ababituye bagakunda kuramba. Aliko rero twabyerekana no ku Banyarwanda, kuko igihugu cyacu, cyo n’u Burundi, ali ibihugu bimeze nk’iby’i Bulayi. Umuzungu agera ino, ati:”Mu Rwanda hameze nko mu Bulayi: ntihafite amatwara yo gukenya abantu nko mu bihugu bya Afrika byuzuye icyokere cy’izuba n’ibirwara bituruka ku bushyuhe.” Ibyo biterwa n’uko ali igihugu cy’imisozi miremire.Ni yo mpainvu ituma mubona abava muli Kongo baza kuruhukira ino kenshi. 38 – Nuko rero, data niba Igisekuruza cy’ino kitamara imyaka igeze kuli 33, nibura twavuga ko kitajya hasi ya 30 kure. Ni cyo cyatumye Padri Shanwani yandikira Abami 7 imyaka 200. Umwe ni 30; batatu ni 90; bandi batatu ni 90; bose uko ali 6 bakagira 180. Undi wa 7 akabuzulizaho, bagashyîtsa 200. Isagutse ye, ikajya iyindi mu matako, kuko tutazi neza niba igisekuruza cy’ino kimara imyaka 30 rwose, cyangwa se niba kiyigera hafi gusa. 39 – Haliho igitabo mperutse kwandika, aliko mu gifransa, cyitwa La Notion de la génération ( = Icyo amasekuruza bivuga). Ntikiragera ino aliko kili mu nzira; abazi igifransa cyagira byinshi kibumvisha, kuko alicyo gisobanura interuro y’ibitekerezo by’u Rwanda. Muli icyo gitabo, nagerageje kwerekana ko dushobora kuvuga tudashidikanya ko amasekuruza y’Abami amara imyaka itali hasi ya 30. Natanze ibimenyetso na none aliko cyane cyane nashingiye ku bwira-kabili namenye, bwabayeho Kigeli III Ndabarasa, amaze gutanga, umuhungu we Mibambwe III Sentabyo atashye mu murwawewa mbere w’i Nkûzûzu ho mu Bwanacyambwe. Ubwira-kabili bugira akaraaro cyane, kuko abo mu Bulayi baba bazi neza itariki yabwo. Gusa ni uko habaye ubwira-kabili ku wa 13 yuni 1741, n’ubundi ku wa13 aprili 1763. Naragereranije nsanga bwombi bushobora kuba bwarahuje n’itaha Iya Mibambwe III mu murwa w’i Nkûzûzu, kuko hagati ya bwombi haciye imyaka 22 gusa. Nyamara nagereranije n’izindi mpamvu, nsanga ubwo dukwiliye guhitamo ali ubwa 13 yuni 1741. Bivuga rero ko Kigali III Ndabarasa yatanze mu mezi ane abanziliza iyo tariki, maze Mibambwe III akîma mu mboneko za yuni 1741. Imyaka rero tugiye kwandika y’ukugereranya igihe Abami bâba barabereyeho, iraba iyo muli icyo gitabo gishya, kuko ali cyo nakoranilijemo ibyo nashoboye gushyikira muli ibi bihe bya vuba. 40 – Muli icyo gitabo maze kubabwira, nerekanye ibimenyetso by’uko Kigeli IV Rwabugili yimye nyuma ya Yuni 1853, cyangwase mu mezi ya mbere ya 1854, mbikulije ku miganura yagize uko nayibwiwe n’Abiru, igihe banyandikishaga Ubwiru mu wa 1945. Nabo kandi kumenya umubare w’imiganura ya Kigeli IV Rwabugili, bakabyendera ku mpamvu y’uko ataganuliraga hamwe imyaka yose. Kuva rero kuli ubwo bwira-kabili bwa 1741, Abami uko ali batandatu bagejeje ku myaka 218, ali byo kuvuga ko mwayeni yabo ali imyaka 36. N’aho kandi twahitamo bwa bwira-kabili bwa 13 aprili 1763, bâba bagize imyaka 196, mwayeniikaba imyaka 32 n’amezi 7 kuli umwe kuli umwe. 41 – Nyamara iyo myaka, yaba 32 isaga, yaba 36, murebe ko ali uburambe ku ngoma nta bwo ali uburambe bw’igisekuruza. Tuzi ko Yuhi IV Gahindiro yavutse umwaka se atanga; guhera rero kuli Yuhi IV, nibwo twashobora kumenya gusa uburambe bw’igisekuruza tuzana hino ku Bami batanu baheruka. Naho igisekuruza cya Mibambwe III, nta bwo twashobora kumenya kuko nta kimenyetso cy’amavukaye; tuzi gusa ko yatanze ali umusore uhamye, mu kigero cy’imyaka ili hagati ya 25 na 35. 42 -Kugira rero ngo tudaha igisekuruza imyaka ikabije gato, cyangwase ili hasi cyane, twenze imyaka 33 y’uburambe bwacyo, aba aliyo duteruliraho kugererranya imyaka Umwami wese ashobora kuba yarabayeho. Ni ukuvuga ko ingoma ye yenda akantu kuli iyo myaka ili kw’izina lye ; ko atabayeho hilya yabyo cyane cyangwa se hino yabyo cyane ; ko intangiliro y’iyo myaka, cyangwase indunduro yayo ishobora kuba yarahuliranye n’ubugingo bwe. 43 – Naho guhera kuli Mibambwe III uzana hino, turashyiraho imyaka ya bwa bwira-kabili bwa 1741; k’uko rero Abiru bazi ko yaganuye gatanu gusa, biravuga ko Yuhi IV Gahindiro yavutse mu wa 1746 kandi akaba ali wo yimamo. Niba kandi uhisemo ubwira-kabili bwa 1763, kuko na bwo bushoboka, Mibambwe III yaba yarimye muli uwo mwaka, agatanga mu 1768, akaba aliwo Yuhi IV Gahindiro yavukiyemo akawimamo. Umusomyi wese yumve neza impamvu ituma tubangikanya ubu bwira-kabili bwombi: wafata ubwa mbere cyangwa se ubwa kabili, ni hahandi; aliko nahisemo ubwa mbere, ku mpamvuzindi zashoboye kunyereka ko burushije ubwa 1763 kwegera amanyakuli. Dore rero amazina y’Abami uko nabashyizeho iyo myaka ya mwayeni: Guhera ahagana Mu mwaka wa Amazina y’ubwami Amazina y’ubututsi 959 1. Gihanga I 2. Kanyarwanda I 3. Yuhi I (Ngom’ijana) Gahima I Musindi 1058 4. ? 5. ? 6. ? 7. ? Rumeza Nyarume Rukuge Rubanda 1180 8. Ndahiro I 9. ? 10. ? Ruyange Ndoba Samembe 1279 11. Nsoro I 12. Ruganzu I 13. Cyilima I 14. Kigeli I Samukondo Bwimba Rugwe Mukobanya 1411 15. Mibambwe I Sekaongoro I 16. Yuhi II 17. Ndahiro II 18. Ruganzu II Mutabazi Gahima II Cyamatare Ndoli 1543 19. Mutara I Nsoro II 20. Kigeli II 21. Mibambwe II Sekarongoro II Semugeshi Nyamuheshera Gisanura 1642 22. Yuhi III Karemera I 23. Cyilima II 24. Kigeli III Mazimpaka Rujugira Ndabarasa 1741 25. Mibambwe III Mutabazi II 26. Yuhi IV 27. Mutara II Sentabyo Gahindiro Rwogera 1853 28. Kigeli IV Rwabugili 1896 Mibambwe IV Rutalindwa 1897 29. Yuhi V Musinga 1931 30. Mutara III Rudahigwa Amazina y’abagabekazi b’u Rwanda Ily’ubwami Ily’ubututsi Ubwoko Nyiragihanga I Nyirarukangaga abazigaba Nyirakanyarwanda I Nyamususa abasinga Nyirayuhi I Nyamata abasinga ? Kirezi abasinga ? Nyirashoza abasinga ? Nyirankindi abasinga ? Nkundwa abasinga Nyirandahiro Cyizigira abasinga ? Monde abega ? Magondo abaha Nyiransoro I Nyakanga abasinga Nyiraruganzu I Nyakanga abasinga Nyiracyilima I Nyakiyaga abega Nyirakigeli Nyanguge abakono Nyiramibambwe I Nyabadaha abega Nyirayuhi II Matama abaha Nyirandahiro II Nyirangabo abega Nyiraruganzu II Nyabacuzi abakono Nyiramavugo I Nyirakabogo abega Nyirakigeli II Ncendeli abega Nyiramibambwe II Nyabuhoro abaha Nyirayuhi III Nyirakaremera I Nyamarembo Rukoni abanyiginya Nyiracyilima II Kirongoro abega Nyirakigeli III Rwesero abagesera Nyiramibambwe III Nyiratamba abega Nyirayuhi IV Nyiratunga abega Nyiramavugo II Nyiramongi abega Nyirakigeli IV Nyiramibambwe IV Murorunkwere (Nyiraburunga) Abakono abakono Nyirayuhi V Kanjogera abega Nyiramavugo Kankazi abega 44- Nuko rero dukulikije umubare w’Amasekuruza yo mu Bucura-bwenge, Ingoma Nyiginya yaba yaratangiye mu Rwanda ahagana mu mwaka wa 1000. Mubyitondere; ni ukuvuga gusa igihe cy’urucishilizo. Wenda hali mu mwaka wa 1000; wenda se hali mu wa 1100 bisaga. Aliko rero ukulikije umubare w’Amasekuruza, nta bwo bishobora kwitarura cyane iyo myaka yegereye uwa 1000. Ingoma yacu rero yaba imaze imyaka 800 asaga, cyangwa 900 asaga. Ubwo ali ibintu byigiyeyo kandi bitagira aho byigeze kwandikwa kera cyane, uwashaka kuvuga imyaka yihanuye, yaba yerekaniyeho ko atazi iyo bijya n’iyo biva. Amazina y’Ubwami akulikirana ate ? 45 – Umwami wese agira izina ly’Ubututsi, yamarakwima akagira ily’Ubwami. Ni ko bimera mu Rwanda; aliko ahandi henshi muli ibi bihugu bidukikije si ko babigenza: aho tuzi neza ni mu Burundi. Ahandi ubanza babigira limwe na limwe gusa. Amazina y’Ubwami uko mwayabonye, nta bwo akimeze uko yahoze kera. Ku ngoma ya Mutara I Semugeshi, mwene Ruganzu II Ndoli, ni bwo Umwami n’Abiru be bakoze inama ikomeye yo kuvanaho amazina amwe: 1°ilya Nsoro livanwaho n’uko lyitwaga cyane mu Bugesera, bukili igihugu gikomeye, banga kwitiranya Abami b’ibihugu bibili bituranye. 2° Ilya Ndahiro livanwaho n’uko uwaliherukaga, Ndahiro II Cyamatare, yali yanyazwe ingoma y’Ingabe ikajyanwa n’Abanyabungo, ali yo Rwoga yahoze ho mbere ya Karinga. Izina lyatswe ingoma n’ababisha ntilyashoboraga kwongera kuyihabwa. 3° Ilya Ruganzu balivaniraho ko abalyiswe bombi bali barazize igisare: Ruganzu I Bwimba yaguye ku rugamba ali umutabazi; Ruganzu II Ndoli azira umwambi yarashwe, n’ababisha bamutegeye mu gico, ahantu hitwa mw’Isyiki, muli Territwari ya Kibuye. Bikerekana rero ko lyali izina lifiteigisare, mu gitekerezo cy’Abiru na Mutara I. 46 – Kuli ubu amazina akulikirana ku ngoma ni aya: 1Mutara, 2 Kigeli, 3 Mibambwe, 4 Yuhi , 5 Cyilima. Ayo mazina uko ali atanu, agomba gusimburana mu bisekuruza bine. Kugira ngo ashobore gushyira amazina atanu mu bisekuruza bine babigenza batya : 1 Mutara 5 Cyilima 9 Mutara 13 Cyilima 2 Kigeli 6 Kigeli 10 Kigeli 14 Kigeli 3 Mibambwe 7 Mibambwe 11 Mibambwe 15 Mibambwe 4 Yuhi 8 Yuhi 12 Yuhi 16 Yuhi Uko mubireba rero amazina atatu aheruka (Kigeli, Mibambwe, Yuhi) ahora mu mwanya wayo ; ilya Mutara n’ilya Cyilima ni yo akuranwa : iyo Kigeli abyawe na Mutara, Kigeli gikulikiraho abyarwa na Cyilima. Ali byo kuvuga ko Yuhi abyara Mutara, Yuhi likulikiyeho akabyara Cyilima. 47 – Babigenza batyo ali ugukulikiza umuhango ukomeye wo mu Bwiru, kandi ushobora kwerurwa kuko byabaye ibintu na Rubanda bashoboye kubona igihe byakorwaga. Abanyarwanda bo ku ngoma ya Cyilima II Rujugira, barebaga neza icyo gihe umugogo wa Mutara I Semugeshi wali i Gaseke, hanyuma kuli iyo ngoma ya Cyilima II uwo mugogo ugatabazwa i Rutare, maze Cyilima II Rujugira ubwe yamara gutanga umugogo we ukaba ali wo bajyana i Gaseke, ukahaguma kugéza kuli iyi ngoma ya Yuhi V Musinga. (Umugogo ni ukuvuga umurambo w’Umwami). Ni ko byagendaga iteka : Cyilima yamaraga gutanga umugogo we ukagomba kuguma i Gaseke, ukajya ugilirwa imihango y’Ubwami uvugilizwa ingoma, ukorerwa ibiroli ku minsi mikuru yerekeye Ubwami, bikarindira ko bazageza ku ngoma ya Mutara. Kuli iyo ngoma hakazaba ibiroli bikomeye bizakorerwa mu maso y’igihugu cyose, keretse imihango y’Ubwiru yakorwaga rwihishwa itashoboraga kubonwa na rubanda. Rubanda barabaga neza ko ko umugogo wa Cyilima uvuye i Gaseke ukajya gutabazwa i Rutare. Mutara uwo yamaraga gutanga akaba ali we basubiza i Gaseke ; bityo bityo. 48 – Igihe iki gitabo cyanditswe bwa mbere, mu wa 1943, nali ntarabwirwa Ubwiru ngo menye neza impamvu zibitera. Aliko bajya kubumbwira nabanje gusezerana n’Abiru ko bitazavugwa muli ibi bihe, tuliho. Ni cyo gitumye rero mvuga gusa igice cyashoboye kubonwa na Rubanda rwose igihe byakorwaga ; naho iby’ukuli kwabyo, sinashobora kubyandika, kuko naba nishe isezerano. Mwumve neza ko ntabibuzwa n’imizililizo y’Ubwiru : mbabazwa gusa n’igituma tutabona uruhusa rwo kubimenya ku mugaragaro, kuko Ubwiru bulimo ubuhanga bwarushaho kwerekana ubwenge bw’u Rwanda, bugatangaza Abanyarwanda n’abanyamahanga ; nanone Ubwiru ni ikivangitirane cy’ubuhanga n’imigenzo ya gipagani bakulikizaga i Bwami, aliko ibyo mvuga ko ali ubuhanga n’ubwenge, umuntu yashobora kubirongorora, akabivangura muli iyo mihango ya gipagani. Nakwifuza kubikora ntyo, aliko rero simbishobora ku mpamvu y’isezérano twagiranye n’Abiru lyo kuzabigumana byanditse, bikazaba bimenyekana kera. Bagira bati : « Ibintu byabaye ibanga likomeye ku ngoma zose, tukaba ali twe tubisigiranye, ntitwakunda ko bimenyekana tukiliho ». Nanone Ubwiru ni ubw’Umwami: ni Mutara III Rudahigwa wabategetse kubyandikisha ngo bitazazimira. Aliko rero iyo hataba ilyo sezerano, nta bwo baba barakunze kubyandikisha. 49 – Izina lya Mutara n’ilya Cyilima, ni ay’Abami b’Inka ; ni ukuvuga ko Ubwiru buyahuza n’imigenzo bibwiraga ko itumye inka zibaho, zikagwira mu Rwanda. Urebye mu Bisigo wese agomba kubibona ako kanya ; wasangamo ko n’ilya Yuhi ali ily’Abami b’inka, aliko mu by’ukuli ilyo zina lifite umuhango walyo bwite Abasizi batashoboye kumenya. Uwo muhango nanone ufite akantu uhuliyeho n’inka ; nyamara na wo sinshobora kuwerura, kuko nta Munyarwanda wigeze awumenya. Izina lya Kigeli n’ilya Mibambwe, ni ay’Abami b’Umukoba; bivuga abizilika umukoba (umukandara), bagatabara ngo bungure igihugu. Ni amazina rero y’uburwanyi. Kuva aho amazina ya Ndahiro na Ruganzu avaniweho, kuko na yo yali amazina y’umukoba, imilimo yayo yombi yenzwe n’ilya Kigeli ; Kigeli rero ni bazina wa Ndahiro na Ruganzu. Ili lya Ruganzu lyo, na Kigeli III Ndabarasa yarabyivugiye ubwe, mu gisigo cye cyitwa Batewe n’iki uburake, aho agera ku ngoma ya Ruganzu II Ndoli, akavuga ati: Murantege amatwi bagabo Mburanye Bazina, Baza-mu-nzoza Ba Nzogera ya Ruziga, Uwahabuye u Rwanda, Rwabiza-ngoma. Icyo gisigo nticyatuwe Kigeli III: ni icye bwite, ni we wakivuzebwa mbere, agitura Abatware be ali mu Ndorwa, ahitwa mu Ngorogoro z’u Ruhinda.