Dore uko wateza imbere igihugu kidakora ku nyanja cg ku mazi magari

Igihugu kidafite amazi magari (inyanja cyangwa ibiyaga binini) gishobora gutera imbere binyuze mu ngamba zikurikira: 1. Guteza imbere ibikorwaremezo n’ubwikorezi Gushyiraho imihanda myiza, gari ya moshi, n’ibibuga by’indege bifasha kugera ku masoko yo hanze. Gukoresha ibihugu bihana imbibi nk’inzira z’ubwikorezi bwo gutwara ibicuruzwa n’abantu. 2. Kubaka ubukungu bushingiye ku bumenyi n'ikoranabuhanga Guteza imbere inganda zitari zishingiye ku bucuruzi bw’amazi nk’ikoranabuhanga, serivisi, na porogaramu. Gushora mu bushakashatsi n’iterambere ry’imishinga mishya. 3. Kwigira ku bihugu bituranyi bifite inyanja Gukorana n’ibihugu bifite inyanja mu bufatanye bw’ubucuruzi n’ubwikorezi, binyuze mu masezerano mpuzamahanga. Guteganya ibibuga bikomeye byo gutwara ibicuruzwa hafi y’inyanja z’ibihugu bituranyi. 4. Gukoresha umutungo kamere neza Guteza imbere ubuhinzi bw’umwuga, inganda zitunganya ibikomoka ku buhinzi, no kwita ku bucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro. Gushyira imbaraga mu kubungabunga ibidukikije no kurengera umutungo w’igihugu. 5. Gukora ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga Guteza imbere ibicuruzwa bidasaba ubwikorezi buhenze nk’iby’ikoranabuhanga, software, cyangwa serivisi zishingiye ku bumenyi. Kugira ubuyobozi bukurura ishoramari mpuzamahanga. 6. Kongerera agaciro abaturage (Imiyoborere myiza) Gushora mu burezi n’amahugurwa yihariye y’abaturage, kugira ngo babashe gukora ibikorwa bigezweho. Guteza imbere imiyoborere ituma abantu babona serivisi ku buryo bworoshye kandi bwizewe. 7. Kubaka ubukerarugendo bushingiye ku mateka n’umuco Gukoresha ubukerarugendo nk’isoko y’inyungu, aho igihugu kitarwanira inyanja gishobora kwerekana ibyiza nyaburanga, amateka, n’umuco. 8. Kugera ku mazi magari binyuze mu mikoranire Gukorana n’amahanga kugira ngo ibicuruzwa by’igihugu bigere ku masoko mpuzamahanga bifashishije inzira z’amazi magari z’ibindi bihugu. Guteza imbere ibihugu bidakora ku nyanja binyuze mu gushyiraho imipaka yoroshye no guhanga udushya mu gukemura ibibazo by’ubwikorezi. Igihugu nk’u Rwanda, kidafite inyanja, cyerekanye ko iterambere rishoboka binyuze mu gushyira imbere serivisi, uburezi, isuku, n’ikoranabuhanga. Ni urugero rwiza rwo kwigiraho.

Ese koko Yesu yabayeho?

Yego, Yesu Kristo ni umwe mu bantu amateka agaragaza ko yabayeho mu buryo bufatika, n'ubwo hari impaka hagati y'abahanga ku bijyanye n'ubuzima bwe bwite, ibikorwa bye, ndetse n'ubutumwa bwe bw'iyobokamana. Dore uko amateka n'ibimenyetso bitandukanye bisobanura ubuzima bwa Yesu: 

 1. Ibyanditswe bya Bibiliya Bibiliya, cyane cyane mu Isezerano Rishya, ni isoko y'ingenzi y'amakuru ku buzima bwa Yesu. Ibyanditswe by'Abavugabutumwa (Matayo, Mariko, Luka, na Yohana) bigaragaza ibikorwa bye, inyigisho ze, urupfu, n'izuka rye. N'ubwo ibi byanditswe bifatwa nk'ibihamya by'iyobokamana, abahanga mu mateka barabisuzuma kugira ngo bamenye ibihuye n'amateka asanzwe. 

2. Amateka y’indi mico n’abanditsi batari abakristu Hari n’abandi banditsi batari abakristu bagaragaza ko Yesu yabayeho: a) Flavius Josephus (37–100 CE) Uyu mwanditsi w’Umuyahudi wo mu kinyejana cya mbere yanditse muri "Antiquities of the Jews" ko Yesu yari umuntu w’umuhanga, wakoze ibitangaza, kandi akicwa ku musaraba ku bwa Pilato. Ibyanditswe bye ni isoko y’amateka ishimangira ko Yesu yabayeho. b) Tacitus (55–120 CE) Uyu mwanditsi w’Umuroma agaragaza ko Yesu yishwe ku bw’itegeko rya Pontiyo Pilato mu gihe cy’ubutegetsi bwa Tiberiyo. Yavuga abakristu nk’abakurikiranaga inyigisho ze. c) Pliny Umuto (61–113 CE) Mu nyandiko ze yandikiye Umwami w'Uburoma, avuga uburyo abakristu babangamiraga ibitekerezo bisanzwe by’idini ryo mu gihe cye, bahamya Yesu nk'uwariho kandi ugifite abayoboke. --- 3. Ibimenyetso by’imbona nkubone Nubwo nta nyandiko cyangwa ibindi bisigazwa birimo amafoto cyangwa ibindi bimenyetso bya kera bimuhamya ku buryo butaziguye, ibimenyetso bifatika by’amateka y’itorero rya mbere ry’Abakristu bigaragaza ko yavutse mu mateka nk'umuntu, kandi inyigisho ze zafashije gushyiraho idini ry’Abakristu. --- 4. Impaka n'icyizere cy'amateka Abashakashatsi benshi, harimo n'abatemeranya n'iyobokamana, bemera ko Yesu yabayeho, ariko impaka zihari ni ku birebana n'ibitangaza bye, izuka, n’ubutumwa bw'iyobokamana bwavuzwe muri Bibiliya. --- 5. Ibyo byigisha cyangwa bivuze uyu munsi Niba Yesu yarabayeho nk’uko amateka abigaragaza, inyigisho ze ku rukundo, imbabazi, no gukorera abandi bigira uruhare rukomeye ku myemerere n’umuco wa miliyari z’abantu kugeza ubu. --- Umwanzuro Amateka yemeza ko Yesu yari umuntu wabayeho mu buryo bufatika, n'ubwo hari impaka kuri bimwe mu bimwerekeyeho, cyane cyane ku bikorwa n’ubutumwa bwerekeranye n'iyobokamana. Ni umuntu utaziguye wahinduye amateka y’isi ku buryo bukomeye.

Inganji Karinga

Inganji Karinga, yari ingoma nyamihango ikomeye, ikaba ikimenyetso cy'ubusugire, ubutegetsi, n'ubumwe bw'ubwami bw'u Rwanda. Yangijwe mu mwaka wa 1961 nyuma y'ihirikwa ry'ubwami bw'u Rwanda mu gihe cy’impinduramatwara yo gukuraho ubutegetsi bwa cyami no gushyiraho Repubulika.                                                     Dore uko byagenze:                                           1. Iharikwa ry’Ubwami (1959-1961) Mu gihe cya Revolisiyo ya Rubanda yo mu 1959, yari iyobowe ahanini n’Abahutu bari barishakaga kwikura ku butegetsi bwa cyami bwari bushyigikiwe n’Ababiligi kandi bukiganjemo Abatutsi, habayeho ibikorwa byinshi byo gusenya ibimenyetso byose byari bihagarariye ubutegetsi bw’ubwami. --- 2. Kwangiza Inganji Karinga (1961) Mu gihe cy’inama yabereye i Gitarama ku wa 28 Mutarama 1961, umwami Mutara III Rudahigwa yari amaze igihe yaritabye Imana (1959), kandi umusimbura we, Kigeli V Ndahindurwa, yari yarahunze igihugu mu 1960 kubera ibibazo by’imvururu za politiki. Mu gihe cyo guca burundu ubutegetsi bwa cyami no gushyiraho Repubulika, Inganji Karinga yafatwaga nk'ikimenyetso gikuru cy'ubwami, yafashwe maze irangizwa ku mugaragaro nk’igikorwa cyo kumvikanisha iherezo ry'ubwami.                                            3. Abayoboye kwangiza Inganji Karinga Iki gikorwa cyayobowe n’abantu bari bashyigikiye Revolisiyo ya Rubanda, cyane cyane Dominiko Mbonyumutwa (wayoboye Repubulika y’agateganyo), hamwe n’abarwanashyaka b’ishyaka rya PARMEHUTU (Parti du Mouvement de l’Émancipation Hutu). Abayobozi ba Revolisiyo bafataga Inganji Karinga nk’ikimenyetso cy’ubusumbane bw’ubwami, kandi kwangiza iyi ngoma byari byitezweho gutera ubwoba abagishyigikiye ubwami. --- 4. Ibyabaye nyuma y’iyangizwa rya Karinga Kwangiza Inganji Karinga byari bifite ishusho yo kwerekana ko ubwami bwamaze gucika burundu mu mateka y’u Rwanda. Nubwo byakozwe mu rwego rwa politiki, byagize ingaruka zikomeye ku mitekerereze y’abantu, kuko byasize urwicyekwe hagati y’abashyigikiye ubwami n’abashakaga Repubulika. Umwanzuro Inganji Karinga, ikimenyetso cy’ubutegetsi bw'ubwami bw'u Rwanda, yangijwe n'abari bashyigikiye Revolisiyo yo mu 1959-1961 mu rwego rwo guca burundu ubutegetsi bwa cyami no gushyiraho Repubulika. Iki gikorwa cyasize icyuho gikomeye mu mateka n'umuco w'ubwiru bwari bwubakiye ku bumwe n'ubusugire bw’igihugu.

Ubwami bwa Karinga

Ubwami bwa Karinga ni izina ryakoreshejwe mu mateka y’u Rwanda mu kuvuga ku bwami bw’umuco n’amateka gakondo y’Abanyarwanda. Iri zina risobanura uburyo ubwami bwari ishingiro ry’imiyoborere n’ubuzima bw’igihugu, bikaba byaragendaga bikurikirana binyuze mu migenzo yihariye. Dore ibisobanuro birambuye: --- 1. Inkomoko y’izina "Karinga" Karinga ni izina ry’Ingoma Nyamihango yari ikimenyetso gikuru cy’ubwami mu Rwanda. Iyi ngoma yafatwaga nk’ikintu cyera, kikaba igihango hagati y’umwami n’abaturage. Byavugwaga ko Karinga ari ishingiro ry’ubutegetsi bw’umwami kuko uwatwaraga ingoma yafatwaga nk'umuyobozi w’igihugu cyose. --- 2. Imiyoborere y'ubwami bwa Karinga Ubwami bw’Ingoma Nyiginya bwaranzwe no kugira umwami ufite ububasha bukomeye ariko afatanya n'inzego z'imiyoborere nk'abiru, abatware, n'abanyamabanga. Umwami: Yari umuyobozi mukuru w’igihugu, akagira inshingano zo gutanga ubutabera, kuyobora intambara, no guhuza abaturage mu mibanire myiza. Abiru: Bari abajyanama n’abagenga b’umuco n’amateka y’igihugu, bakagira inshingano zo kubika ibanga ry’ubwami n’imihango y’ubutegetsi. Abatware: Bari bashinzwe kugenzura intara zitandukanye, bafasha umwami mu bikorwa byo guteza imbere ubuhinzi, ubworozi, n’umutekano. --- 3. Umubano wa Karinga n’ubumwe bw’igihugu Ingoma ya Karinga yafatwaga nk’isano ikomeye y’ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda. Igihe cyose ingoma ya Karinga yariho, igihugu cyafatwaga nk’ikiri mu bumwe. Umwami yagombaga kwitangira abaturage, gukomeza umuco w’ubutwari n’ubumwe, no kwirinda amacakubiri hagati y’abaturage. --- 4. Umuhango wo kwimika umwami Karinga yari igira uruhare rukomeye mu muhango wo kwimika umwami. Igihe umwami yatangaga, umusimbura we yagombaga guhabwa Karinga mu muhango wihariye witwaga "Kunywesha amazi y’umugobe", aho umwami mushya yarahizwaga ku bw’ubumwe bw’igihugu. Iyi ngoma kandi yajyanwaga mu birori bikomeye, bigamije guhamya ko ubwami bukomeye kandi bufite ubusugire. --- 5. Gukomera ku muco no ku mateka Ubwami bwa Karinga bwari ishingiro ry’umuco, aho indangagaciro nk’ubutwari, ubupfura, n’ubumwe byari bigamije gushyiraho igihugu gikomeye. Ibirango by’ubwami: Uretse Karinga, hari n’ibindi birango by’ubwami nk’ikirango cy’ibendera n'inkoni y’ubutware, byose bigamije guhagararira ubwigenge n’imbaraga z’igihugu. --- 6. Iherezo ry’ubwami bwa Karinga bwa Karinga bwarangiriye mu mwaka wa 1961 mu gihe cya Revolisiyo ya Rubanda, ubwo ubutegetsi bwa cyami bavanwaga ku butegetsi hagashingwa Repubulika. Ibi byari bishingiye ku mpinduka z’imiyoborere zari ziterwa n’amateka y’ubukoloni n’imyivumbagatanyo y’Abanyarwanda bari barashyizwe mu byiciro bitandukanye. Ingoma ya Karinga n’ibindi birango by’ubwami byarasenywe, bifatwa nk’ibimenyetso by’ubusumbane mu gihe cya cyami. --- Umwanzuro: Ubwami bwa Karinga bwari ubusobanuro bw'ubuyobozi bushingiye ku muco gakondo w’Abanyarwanda. Nubwo bwavanyweho, bwagize uruhare rukomeye mu guteza imbere amateka n’ubumwe bw’u Rwanda mu gihe cy’ubutegetsi bwa cyami. Kugeza ubu, amateka ya Karinga akomeza kuba igice cy'ingenzi cy'umurage w'u Rwanda rw'ubu.

Menya inkomoko y'amacakubiri mu Rwanda

Amacakubiri mu Rwanda afite inkomoko mu mateka maremare y'igihugu, ariko by’umwihariko byaje gukara mu gihe cy’ubukoloni. Dore uko byatangiye n'uko byagiye bikura: 

1. Imibereho y'Abanyarwanda mbere y’ubukoloni Ubwoko n'imiryango: 

Abanyarwanda bari bagabanijemo amoko atatu (Abahutu, Abatutsi, n’Abatwa). Iyi myitwarire yari ishingiye ku mibereho, nk’ubuhinzi, ubworozi, cyangwa ububumbyi. Ariko, ibi byari umuco usanzwe kandi abanyarwanda bari babanye neza. Ubwami bwa Karinga: Ubwami bwari bufite umwami umwe, kandi bwitaga ku bumwe bw’igihugu.

Umwami yabaga ari umwami w'abanyarwanda bose hamwe nta vangura. Nubwo habagaho itandukaniro mu mirimo n'inshingano, abantu bahuriraga ku ndangagaciro z'ubunyarwanda ndetse n'ubwubahane. 

2. Ingaruka z’ubukoloni bw’Abadage (1897-1916) Gukoresha ubwoko nk'igikoresho: 

Abadage bashyigikiye ko umwami n’Abatutsi bafite uruhare rukomeye mu buyobozi, kubera ko babafataga nk’abafite "ubwenge n’ubushobozi bwo gutegeka". Ibi byatangiye kwerekana itandukaniro ry’amikoro n’ubuyobozi hagati y’amoko. Kwigisha amateka adahwitse: Abakoloni b’Abadage batangije inyigisho zivuga ko Abatutsi ari "abimukira" baturutse mu misozi ya Etiyopiya, mu gihe Abahutu n’Abatwa bavugwaga nk’aho ari "abasangwabutaka". Ibi byahereyeho byimakaza amacakubiri.

3. Gukomeza amacakubiri n’ubukoloni bw’Ababiligi (1916-1962) :

Ababiligi bazanye uburyo bwo guca abaturage mu byiciro by’ubwoko, babiha intebe y’ubuyobozi. Itangwa ry'ikarita y'ubwenegihugu: Mu 1933, Ababiligi batangije uburyo bwo gushyira Abanyarwanda mu byiciro hakoreshejwe amakarita agaragaza ubwoko (Umuhutu, Umututsi, cyangwa Umutwa). Ibi byashimangiye amacakubiri. Kwitwaza imiyoborere: Ababiligi bashyigikiye cyane Abatutsi mu buyobozi, mu gihe Abahutu benshi basigaranaga inshingano zo guhinga no gukora imirimo ivunanye. Iyi politiki y’imiyoborere yarushijeho gucamo Abanyarwanda ibice. 

4. Politiki n’ivanguramoko mu myaka ya 1950 na 1960 Revolisiyo ya Rubanda (1959-1961): 

Iyo revolisiyo yatangiye gukuraho ingoma ya cyami, ishingiye ku kwigaragambya kw’Abahutu bavugaga ko bakandamijwe. Iyi revolisiyo yateje ubwicanyi n’imvururu, aho Abatutsi benshi bahunze igihugu. Mu 1962, ubwo u Rwanda rwabonaga ubwigenge, haje ubuyobozi bushya bwibasiye cyane Abatutsi, bakomeza gutotezwa no kwirukanwa mu gihugu. 

5. Ibibazo bya politiki nyuma y’ubwigenge (1962-1994) 

Kugendera ku moko muri politiki: Guverinoma zagiye zishinga politiki zubakiye ku macakubiri ashingiye ku moko, aho bamwe babwirwaga ko bakwiye "gukumira" abandi. Ubugizi bwa nabi bwo mu 1973: Mu myaka ya 1970, habayeho iterabwoba ku batutsi ndetse bakorerwaga itotezwa no kwirukanwa mu mashuri no mu kazi. Politiki y'ivangura: Leta zaje gukomeza guheza Abatutsi mu nzego zose z’ubuyobozi, ndetse no gushyiraho gahunda z’irondakarere. 

6. Ihuriro ry’amacakubiri mu 1994 Ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya Jenoside  Yakorewe abatutsi: 

Amacakubiri yageze ku ndunduro muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, aho politiki y’amacakubiri yari imaze igihe kinini ishyigikirwa n’ubuyobozi. Iyi jenoside yahitanye abantu barenga miliyoni, kandi igasiga igihugu mu bwumvikane buke bukabije. 

7. Gukemura amacakubiri mu bihe bya nyuma ya Jenoside Yakorewe abatutsi:  :

Nyuma ya Jenoside Yakorewe abatutsi, leta y’ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda yashyizeho gahunda zo guca amacakubiri, harimo: Gukuraho amakarita agaragaza ubwoko. Gahunda ya Ndi Umunyarwanda: Igamije kongera kubaka ubumwe n’ubwiyunge mu banyarwanda bose. Gacaca: Inkiko z’ubwumvikane zakemuraga ibibazo bishingiye ku byaha bya Jenoside. --- Umwanzuro: Inkomoko y’amacakubiri mu Rwanda yatewe cyane n’ivanguramoko ryazanywe n’ubukoloni, rishingiye ku nyungu za politiki z’abakoloni. Nyuma y’ubukoloni, politiki zagiye zisimburana zakomeje guteza imbere ayo macakubiri, biganisha kuri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi. Gukomeza gushimangira ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda n’indangagaciro rusange ni ingenzi mu kurwanya aya mateka mabi. 

Yanditswe na Nzayisenga Adrien

Imibereho y'abanyarwanda bo ha mbere

Abanyarwanda bo hambere baranzwe n’indangagaciro n’imico byihariye byagaragazaga ubumwe, ubupfura, n’ubuzima bwubakiye ku muco gakondo. Dore iby'ingenzi byaranze abanyarwanda bo hambere: --- 1. Ubumwe n’ubufatanye Gacaca: Abanyarwanda bo hambere bagiraga uburyo bwo gukemura amakimbirane mu mahoro no gushyiraho ubutabera biciye mu nama z’ubwumvikane. Umuganda: Abaturage bakoranaga ibikorwa rusange byo guteza imbere umuryango n’igihugu, birimo kubaka imihanda, ingo, n’imiyoboro y’amazi. Ubudehe: Ubukungu n’imibereho myiza byubakirwaga ku bufatanye mu mirimo y’ubuhinzi n’ubworozi. --- 2. Indangagaciro z'ubunyangamugayo Kwihangana no kwicisha bugufi: Abanyarwanda bo hambere bagiraga imyitwarire yo kudakunda kwihutira amakimbirane, bakirinda ibikorwa biganisha ku nyungu z’umuntu ku giti cye. Ishema n’icyubahiro: Umuntu yagombaga kugira ishema ry'ubwoko bwe, akubaha abamukuriye n’abandi bose, cyane cyane abakuze. --- 3. Ubuzima bw'umuryango Ubwuzuzanye: Umuryango nyarwanda wari wubakiye ku bwumvikane hagati y’umugabo n’umugore, buri wese akagira uruhare rwe rwihariye mu iterambere ry’urugo. Umugayo: Umunyarwanda yari asabwa kwirinda ibikorwa cyangwa imvugo bishobora kumutera isoni cyangwa isura mbi mu muryango. --- 4. Imibereho ishingiye ku bukungu Ubuhinzi n'ubworozi: Ubuzima bw’abanyarwanda bo hambere bwari bushingiye ku guhinga ibihingwa ngandurarugo no korora inka, zigafatwa nk’ikimenyetso cy'ubukire n’icyubahiro. Ubucuruzi bworoheje: Bahahiraga mu baturanyi hifashishijwe guhana ibintu cyangwa kugurana ibicuruzwa ku buryo bworoheje. --- 5. Imico n’umuco gakondo Imigenzo n'imiziririzo: Hariho imigenzo igenga imibanire n'imyitwarire, irimo kuziririza bimwe mu bikorwa nk'ubusambo, ubusungu, n'ubugambanyi. Ibikorwa by’ubugeni n'ubukorikori: Abanyarwanda bo hambere bari abahanga mu gukora ibikoresho by’ibikoresho, imitako, n’ibikoresho byo mu rugo. --- 6. Ubwirinzi n'ubutwari Ingabo z’Inkotanyi: Abanyarwanda bari bafite umutwe w’ingabo uhamye wabarindaga, watozwaga umuco w’ubutwari n’urukundo rw’igihugu. Ubwitange: Abagabo batoranywaga gufasha mu gucunga umutekano w’igihugu no kugikundisha abaturage. --- 7. Imyemerere n'imigenzo y'ubuzima Ubupfumu: Abanyarwanda bo hambere bemeraga imbaraga z’imyuka n'imigenzo gakondo, bakagira abakurambere bashimiraga cyangwa basabaga ubufasha. Ibirori n’imbyino: Hari ibirori bikomeye birimo gusangira, kwishimira ibihe byiza, cyangwa kwizihiza insinzi mu ntambara. --- 8. Ubworoherane n’ubupfura Abanyarwanda bo hambere bari bazwiho kugira urugwiro n’ubworoherane, bagerageza kubaka umuryango ufite amahoro n’ubumwe. Ibi byagaragaraga mu buryo bateguraga abashyitsi no mu buryo bateganyaga amahoro mu mibanire yabo. Mu ncamake, Abanyarwanda bo hambere baranzwe n’imico, indangagaciro, n’uburyo bwo kubaho bwubakiye ku bumwe, umuco, n’ubwitange bwo guteza imbere igihugu cyabo n’imiryango yabo.

Amateka y’u Rwanda mbere y’ubukoloni

Amateka y’u Rwanda mbere y’ubukoloni arangwa n’ubuyobozi bw’ingoma nyiginya, ubwisanzure bw’igihugu, n’umuco ukomeye. U Rwanda rwari igihugu cy’ubwami gikomeye muri Afurika y’Iburasirazuba, gifite imiterere yihariye mu miyoborere n’ubuzima bw’abaturage. Dore bimwe mu by’ingenzi byaranga icyo gihe: 1. Imiyoborere y'ubwami Ubwami bw'Ingoma Nyiginya: U Rwanda rwari ruyobowe n’abami bakomoka mu muryango w’Ingoma Nyiginya, bitangiriye kuri Gihanga Ngomijana nk’umwami wa mbere. Abiru: Bari inararibonye z'ibwami bashinzwe kubika amateka, umuco, no gufasha umwami mu byemezo by’ingirakamaro. Imitwe y’Ingabo: U Rwanda rwari rufite ingabo zikomeye zitwa Inkotanyi, zashinzwe kurinda umutekano w’igihugu no kwagura imipaka. 2. Ubukungu Ubuhinzi n’Ubworozi: Ubuhinzi bw’ibihingwa nk’ibigori, ibijumba, n’ibishyimbo bwari ingenzi mu mibereho y’abaturage. Ubworozi bw’inka bwari igihangange, inka zikaba zarafatwaga nk’ikimenyetso cy’ubukire n’icyubahiro. Guhahana: Abanyarwanda bahahiraga hagati yabo binyuze mu bucuruzi buciriritse, harimo guhana ibicuruzwa n’amafaranga atari ayo kwandika, nk’amabuye y’agaciro. 3. Umuco Ibigwi n’Ubuhangange: Amasakwe n’imbyino byabaga ahantu h’ingenzi mu mibanire n’ibirori by’abaturage. Ubukorikori: Abanyarwanda bakoreshaga ubukorikori mu gukora ibikoresho by’ubuhinzi, iby'imitako, n'ibikoresho byo mu rugo. Ubupfumu: Ubupfumu n'imigenzo gakondo byagiraga uruhare mu gusobanura iby'ubuzima n'ibibera mu isi, kandi Abanyarwanda babaga bafite imyemerere ishingiye ku mizimu n’imana nk’Imana yitwa Rugira cyangwa Ryangombe. 4. Imibanire n'ibihugu by'ikikije U Rwanda rwagiraga umubano mwiza n’ibihugu birukikije, ariko kandi hakabaho n’intambara zigamije kwagura igihugu. Amakimbirane n’ubufatanye byaterwaga n'ibibazo by’ubutaka, ubutunzi, cyangwa imipaka. 5. Amavugurura n’imibereho Amategeko, imigenzo y'ubutegetsi, ndetse n’amasezerano hagati y’umwami n’abaturage byaranzwe n'ubufatanye bugamije kurinda ubumwe n'ituze by'igihugu. Umwami yagiraga uruhare rukomeye mu miyoborere rusange, ariko akanafashwa n’abatware b'ibikingi. Mbere y’ubukoloni, U Rwanda rwari igihugu cyubakiye ku bumenyi bw'umuco n'imiyoborere gakondo, kikaba cyarageragezaga gutuma abanyarwanda babaho mu bwisanzure n'ubwigenge.

Ninde watozaga ibikomangoma by'ibwami mu Rwanda

Igikomangoma mu Rwanda (umwana w'umwami) cyigishwaga n'abashakashatsi b'imyitwarire n'ubuyobozi bitwaga Abiru. Aba bari inararibonye z’imico n’amateka y’igihugu, kandi bafite inshingano zo kwigisha igikomangoma amasomo y’ubuyobozi, amateka y’igihugu, imigenzo y'ubwami, ndetse n'indangagaciro z'ubunyangamugayo. Ikindi kandi, igikomangoma cyatozwaga gukomera mu mubiri no mu bitekerezo binyuze mu myitozo ya gisirikare n’imikino ngororamubiri, bikaba bikorwa n’abatoza b'imyitozo b'abahanga batoranywaga na nyirubwite umwami. Ibi byateguraga igikomangoma kuba umuyobozi w'igihugu igihe cyazaga gusimbura umwami.

Ese abiru bakoraga bate mu Rwanda rwo hambere?

Abiru ni urwego rw’ingenzi cyane mu mateka y’u Rwanda rwa kera, rukaba rwari rugizwe n’abantu b’abahanga bafite inshingano zo kubika no kuyobora imihango y’ubwiru, gukurikirana iby’imihango y’ibwami, no kuba abajyanama b’umwami. Dore ibyaranze Abiru mu mateka y’u Rwanda: 1. Kubika Amabanga y’Ingoma (Ubwiru) Abiru bari abashinzwe kubika no kurinda amabanga y’ubwami, cyane cyane ayerekeye uko ingoma y’igihugu (ikirango cy’ubwami) igomba kubaho n’imihango iyikomokaho. Bari abarinzi b’umuco, amateka, n’ibyerekeye ishingiro ry’ubutegetsi bw’u Rwanda. 2. Gutoza no Guhitiramo Umwami Abiru nibo bari bafite inshingano yo gutoza abahungu b’umwami umuco n’imigenzo, kugira ngo bazavemo abakandida bazavamo umwami. Mu gihe umwami yitabaga Imana cyangwa igihe ubutegetsi bwe bwarangiraga, Abiru nibo batoraga umwami mushya bakurikije amategeko y’ubwiru. 3. Gucunga Uburyo Ingoma Itegekamo Abiru bashinzwe kureba niba umwami ayobora igihugu mu buryo bukurikije amategeko n’imigenzo gakondo. Iyo umwami atabashaga kubahiriza ayo mahame, bashoboraga kumugira inama cyangwa no kumwambura ingoma mu buryo bwemewe n’amategeko y’ubwiru. 4. Kubika Amateka n’Umurage w’Igihugu Bari abarimu b’amateka, bagashinzwe kuyibwira umwami n’abaturage kugira ngo bibuke inkomoko n’ubutumwa bw’igihugu. Abiru kandi nibo bamenyekanishaga ibihe by’amakuba cyangwa ibyiza, bakurikije uko iby’ikirere cyangwa ibindi bimenyetso bigaragaye. 5. Imihango ya Gakondo Abiru nibo bateguraga kandi bakayobora imihango y’ibwami n’iy’igihugu muri rusange, harimo ibirori by’ubukwe bw’ibwami, kurahira k’umwami mushya, no gutura Imana (Imana y’u Rwanda). 6. Ubwenge n'Ubushishozi Abiru bari abantu b’intyoza mu bumenyi bwa gihanga, bakamenya ibyerekeye ubuganga bwa gakondo, iby’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, n’ibimenyetso byo mu buhanuzi. Bagiraga ijambo rikomeye mu gufata ibyemezo by’ingenzi mu gihugu. Ikiranga Abiru ni uko bari abarinzi b'ubusugire bw'ubwami, bafite ubushobozi bwo kuyobora igihugu mu buryo bwihishe binyuze mu bwenge n’amahame gakondo. Ariko kandi, mu mateka, bamwe banavuzweho gukoresha ububasha bwabo nabi, bagashobora guteza ibibazo byo kutumvikana mu ngoma.

Uko inzego z'ibwami zari zubatse

Mu Rwanda rwo hambere, inzego z'ubwami zari zishingiye ku mahame ya gihanga, aho buri rwego rwagiraga inshingano zihariye mu buyobozi no mu mibereho y’abaturage. Dore uko zari zubatse: 1. Umwami Umwami yari umuyobozi mukuru w’igihugu, afite ububasha bwose ku butaka, abaturage, n’umutekano w’igihugu. Umwami yafatwaga nk’umuntu utagatifu, wari uhagarariye Imana ku isi. Yari ashinzwe gucunga igihugu, guteza imbere ubuhinzi, ubucuruzi, no gutanga ubutabera. 2. Abiru Abiru bari inama y’abajyanama b’umwami. Bari abashinzwe kubika amateka, imihango y’ubwiru, n’amabanga y’ingoma. Abiru nibo bateguraga imihango y’ibwami, bakagira uruhare mu gushyiraho cyangwa gukuraho umwami mu gihe byari ngombwa. 3. Abatware Abatware bari abayobozi bo ku nzego zitandukanye z’ibanze. Bahanaga inshingano mu buryo bukurikira: Abatware b’Ingabo: Bashinzwe umutekano w’igihugu no kuyobora ingabo. Abatware b’Ubutaka: Bashinzwe gucunga ubutaka no gutanga amasambu ku baturage. Abatware b’Umuryango (Abanyabutaka): Bashinzwe imibereho myiza y’abaturage, ubuhinzi, n’imibanire. 4. Abatware b’Inyabutatu Iyi ni sisiteme aho umuturage yagiraga abayobozi batatu bamufashaga mu buzima bwe bwa buri munsi: Umutware w’ubutaka Umutware w’ingabo Umutware w’umuryango Ibi byari bigamije kugabanya ububasha ku muntu umwe no kurinda ruswa n’akarengane. 5. Imiryango n’Abaturage Imiryango y’abaturage yari ishingiye ku buhahirane n’imikoranire, buri wese afite inshingano zo gufasha mu iterambere ry’umuryango mugari. Abaturage barwaniraga umutekano, bakitabira imihango y’ubwami, kandi bagatanga umusanzu wabo mu mirimo rusange. Izi nzego z’ubwami zashoboraga kugera no ku rwego rw’umudugudu, zubakitse ku mahame y’ubusabane, ubufatanye, n’ubwubahane hagati y’umwami n’abaturage.

Menya abami bose bategetse u Rwanda

Abami bose bayoboye u Rwanda ni benshi, kandi ubutegetsi bwabo bwari bushingiye ku bwami bw'u Rwanda bwashinzwe ku muco gakondo. Dore urutonde rw’abami bayoboye u Rwanda mu mateka: 1. Gihanga Ngomijana Ni we washinze ubwami bw’u Rwanda. 2. Kanyarwanda Gahima 3. Yuhi wa 1 4. Ndahiro Ruyange 5. Ruganzu Bwimba 6. Cyilima Rugwe 7. Kigeli Mukobanya 8. Mibambwe Sekarongoro I Mutabazi 9. Yuhi Gahima II 10. Ndahiro Cyamatare 11. Ruganzu Ndori 12. Mutara Semugeshi 13. Cyilima II Rujugira 14. Kigeli II Nyamuheshera 15. Mibambwe II Sekarongoro II Gisanura 16. Yuhi III Mazimpaka 17. Kigeli III Ndabarasa 18. Mibambwe III Mutabazi II Sentabyo 19. Yuhi IV Gahindiro 20. Mutara II Rwogera 21. Kigeli IV Rwabugiri 22. Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa 23. Yuhi V Musinga 24. Mutara III Rudahigwa 25. Kigeli V Ndahindurwa (ni we mwami wa nyuma w’u Rwanda, ubutegetsi bwe bwarangiye mu 1961 ubwo hatangiraga Repubulika). Aba bami bagize uruhare runini mu mateka y’u Rwanda no mu kubaka igihugu mu bihe byabo.

Amateka y'urutare rwa kamegeri

Kamegeri yari umuyobozi ukomeye mu Rwanda rwo hambere, wari uzwi ku bw'umurava n'icyubahiro mu gihe cye, ariko anazirikanwa cyane kubera inkuru y'ubugome ivugwa kuri we. Inkuru ye ituruka ku mateka y'ubwami bw’u Rwanda, by’umwihariko mu gihe cy'ubwami bwa Yuhi Gahindiro (umwami wategetse mu kinyejana cya 18). Inkuru ya Kamegeri Kamegeri yari umwe mu bajyanama bakomeye b’umwami. Amateka agaragaza ko yari umuntu ufite ijambo rikomeye mu byemezo byafashwaga mu gihe cye. Gusa, inkuru ivugwa cyane ni iyerekeye igihano yatekereje kigomba guhabwa umuntu wakoze icyaha gikomeye. Ubwo umwami Gahindiro yitabazaga inama z’abajyanama ku gihano gikwiye guhabwa uwo muntu, Kamegeri ngo yagize igitekerezo kidasanzwe, asaba ko icyaha cyahanwa n’uko uwo muntu ashyirwa ku rutare rucanirwaho umuriro ukomeye kugeza apfuye. Kuri uwo mwanzuro, umwami yashimye igitekerezo cya Kamegeri ariko, mu buryo butunguranye, ategeka ko uwo mucamanza nyir’ubugome ari we uhanishwa igihano yari yateguriye undi. Kamegeri rero yaje kwicwa urwo rupfu ruteye ubwoba, bikaba byarigishije abajyanama abandi ko kugira ubugome bishobora kubagiraho ingaruka. Ubusobanuro bw’Amateka ya Kamegeri       1. Icyitegererezo cy'Ubugome n’Ingaruka Zacyo: Inkuru ya Kamegeri ikunze kwifashishwa mu mateka no mu migenzo nyarwanda kugira ngo yigishwe ko ubugome cyangwa imyumvire mibi bishobora kugiraho ingaruka nyirabyo.                            2. Urutare rwa Kamegeri: Urutare ruvugwa mu nkuru ya Kamegeri rwitwa "Urutare rwa Kamegeri" kugeza n’uyu munsi. Ruri mu Karere ka Kamonyi mu Majyepfo y’u Rwanda, kandi rufatwa nk’ahantu nyaburanga hasurwa n’abantu benshi. Kamegeri asigaye ari urugero rw’amateka yo mu Rwanda, aho ibikorwa bye n’icyo byamugejejeho bigirwa isomo ry’ubuzima mu muco nyarwanda.

Menya amateka y'urutare rwa ndaba

Urutare rwa Ndaba rufite amateka akomeye mu muco n’amagambo y’ibisigo by’u Rwanda, ndetse ni ahantu hafite ishingiro rikomeye mu by’iyobokamana n’amateka. Ruri mu karere ka Karongi, hafi y’umuhanda Kigali-Rusizi, kandi ni kimwe mu bimenyetso nyaburanga by’u Rwanda. Inkomoko y’amateka y’Urutare rwa Ndaba Inkuru y’urutare rwa Ndaba ifitanye isano n’umugabo witwaga Ndaba, wari umworozi kandi agakunda cyane kurya ubuki. Amateka avuga ko Ndaba yasanze hari urutare rurerure rwari rufite umwobo wuzuyemo ubuki bwinshi bw’inzuki. Kubera irari ry’ubuki, Ndaba yagiye mu mwobo atitaye ku ngaruka, ngo ajye kurya ubwo buki. Nyamara, Ndaba yashidutse asanzemo ubujiji bwo kutamenya uburyo bwo kugaruka hejuru nyuma yo kwinjira cyane mu mwobo. Byavuyemo ko atashoboye gusohoka, maze ahasiga ubuzima bwe. Abaturage baravuga ko urwo rutare rwahawe izina rye kugira ngo bibere abandi isomo ryo kwirinda irari ry’ibintu. Icyo Urutare rwa Ndaba rusobanuye Mu muco: Iyi nkuru yigisha kwirinda ubusambo no kwigengesera mu byo umuntu akora. Nk’ahantu nyaburanga: Urutare rwa Ndaba ni ahantu nyaburanga hagiye hakurura ba mukerarugendo bashaka kumenya amateka yaho no kwishimira uburanga bw’akarere ka Karongi. Ubwiza bwaho muri iki gihe Urutare rwa Ndaba ruri hafi y’ikiyaga cya Kivu, kandi rugerwaho n’abantu bashaka kwiga amateka y’u Rwanda no gusura ahantu h’umwimerere. Ibi byatumye ruba igicumbi cy’ubukerarugendo. Nzayisenga Adrien