Rwandan Revolution

 

Nzayisenga Adrien 

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This article is about the social revolution of 1959–62. For the 1990–94 civil war, see Rwandan Civil War. For the 1994 genocide, see Rwandan genocide.

The Rwandan Revolution, also known as the Hutu Revolution, Social Revolution, or Wind of Destruction^[1] (Kinyarwanda: muyaga),^[2] was a period of ethnic violence in Rwanda from 1959 to 1961 between the Hutu and the Tutsi, two of the three ethnic groups in Rwanda. The revolution saw the country transition from a Tutsi monarchy under Belgian colonial authority to an independent Hutu-dominated republic.

1969 stamp celebrating the 10th anniversary of the Rwandan Revolution, depicting a peasant raising the red-yellow-green Rwandan flag

Rwanda had been ruled by a Tutsi monarchy since at least the 18th century, with entrenched pro-Tutsi and anti-Hutu policies. Germany and Belgium successively controlled Rwanda through the early 20th century, with both European nations ruling through the kings and perpetuating a pro-Tutsi policy. After 1945, a Hutu counter-elite developed, leading to the deterioration of relations between the groups. The Tutsi leadership agitated for speedy independence to cement their power, and the Hutu elite called for the transfer of power from Tutsi to Hutu, a stance increasingly supported by the Catholic Church and the colonial government.

The revolution began in November 1959, with a series of riots and arson attacks on Tutsi homes following an attack on one of the few Hutu sub-chiefs, Dominique Mbonyumutwa, by Tutsi extremists. Violence quickly spread throughout the country. The King and Tutsi politicians attempted a counterattack to seize power and ostracise the Hutu and the Belgians but were thwarted by Belgian colonel Guy Logiest, who was brought in by the colonial governor. Logiest reestablished law and order, beginning a programme to promote and protect the Hutu elite. The Belgians then replaced many Tutsi chiefs and sub-chiefs with Hutu, consigning King Kigeli V to figurehead status; Kigeli later fled the country. Despite continued anti-Tutsi violence, Belgium organized local elections in mid-1960. Hutu parties gained control of nearly all communes, effectively ending the revolution. Logiest and Hutu leader Grégoire Kayibanda declared Rwanda an autonomous republic in 1961, and the country became independent in 1962.

The revolution caused at least 336,000 Tutsi to flee to neighbouring countries, where they lived as refugees. Although the exiles agitated for an immediate return to Rwanda, they were split between those seeking negotiation and those wishing to overthrow the new regime. Some exiles formed armed groups (called inyenzi, or "cockroaches", by the Hutu government), who launched attacks into Rwanda. The largest occurred in late 1963, when a surprise attack approached Kigali. The government fought back, defeating the rebels and killing thousands of the remaining Tutsi in Rwanda. No further threat was posed by the refugees until the 1990s, when a civil war initiated by the Tutsi-refugee Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) forced the Hutu government into negotiations. 

Aloisea Inyumba

 

Aloisea Inyumba (28 December 1964 – 6 December 2012) was a Rwandan politician, who was the country's Minister for Gender and Family Promotion and as executive secretary of the National Unity and Reconciliation Commission.^[1]

While studying social work and social administration at Makerere University in Uganda, she joined the Rwandan Patriotic Front.^[1]

The eulogy at her funeral was given by President Paul Kagame.

 

Early life

Aloisea Inyumba was born on 28 December 1964 in Uganda, to Rwandan born parents.^[1] She was born in the aftermath of the 1959 Rwandan Revolution, which saw the creation of a republic dominated by the majority Hutu, and persecution of the minority Tutsi.^[2] While her parents were still living in Rwanda, and before she was born, her father was killed in a massacre of Tutsi; her mother escaped with her five siblings and the family fled to the safety of Uganda.^[1]

Inyumba lived her childhood in Uganda, completing her schooling there, and then proceeded to Makerere University in Kampala, to study for a degree in social work and social administration.^[1] In 1985, she had her first meeting with Paul Kagame,^[3] another Rwandan refugee who was at the time serving in the rebel army of Yoweri Museveni.^[4] One year later, Museveni took control of the country and promoted Kagame and fellow Rwandan Fred Rwigyema to officers in the country's national army.^[5] Kagame and Rwigyema took these positions, but their ultimate goal was to return with force to their own country, in order to facilitate the return of the refugees.^[6] Kagame and Rwigyema joined and took over the Rwandan Patriotic Front,^[7] a Rwandan liberation organisation, and Inyumba joined as well.^[1]

Political career

After the RPF military victory in July 1994, Inyumba was appointed into the newly formed transitional government.^[1] This government was headed by President Pasteur Bizimungu, but the country was de facto led by Paul Kagame.^[8] She was appointed to the post of Minister of Gender and Family Promotion,^[1] and began a concerted programme to involve women in the rebuilding of Rwanda.^[1]

In 2011, she was re-appointed to her previous role of Minister of Gender and Family Promotion, a role she held until her death in 2012.^[1]

Personal life and death

Inyumba was married to Dr Richard Masozera, who is the former Director-General of Rwanda Civil Aviation Authority (RCAA).^[9] The pair began dating when they were both students at Makerere University in Kampala.^[9] They had two children, a girl and a boy.^[3]

Inyumba died on 6 December 2012 at her home in Kigali.^[10] She had been suffering from throat cancer,^[11] and had recently returned home after seeking treatment in Germany.^[3] Inyumba was granted a state funeral at the Parliament of Rwanda building in Kigali and her eulogy was delivered by the country's president, Paul Kagame.^[3] Kagame described her as a selfless leader who was "a very good cadre and ideologically clear".^[3] Other speakers at the funeral included Cabinet Affairs minister Protais Musoni and the vice-governor of the National Bank of Rwanda, Monique Nsanzabaganwa.

Author: NZAYISENGA Adrien 

Colonel Alexis Kanyarengwe (1938–2006) was a Rwandan officer who fled Rwanda in 1980 amidst accusations that he was plotting against Juvénal Habyarimana.

Kanyarengwe rose to power as one of the officers who led a coup on July 5, 1973, that toppled then President Grégoire Kayibanda, installing Habyarimana. He was appointed Minister of the Interior in the new government, and reportedly rose to the number two position. In December 1980 he came under suspicion of fomenting a coup against Habyarimana and fled into exile in Tanzania.

In September 1990, after three years of convincing, Kanyarengwe joined the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), following a meeting with Aloisea Inyumba. This is despite his being a Hutu and the RPF being made primarily of Tutsi in exile. The effect of his defection in Rwanda led to Habyarimana cracking down further on internal opposition.

Kanyarengwe joined the RPF as its vice president, but quickly rose up the ranks. In October 1990, RPF founder Fred Rwigyema was killed in mysterious circumstances, In the fallout of these events, Kanyarengwe was thrust into the presidency.

 

However, real power was thought to be held by RPF vice president Paul Kagame.On 28 March 1997, Kanyarengwe was sacked from his post as Interior minister after protesting Rwandan Patriotic Army , Kanyarengwe was finally replaced by Paul Kagame as chairman of the RPF.

Author: NZAYISENGA Adrien 

Ese isi yacu izagira iherezo?

 Yego, iki ni ikibazo gikomeye kandi gifite impande ebyiri: iyobokamana/ukwemera n’ubushakashatsi/ubumenyi. Reka tugisuzume neza:

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1. Impande y’iyobokamana

Mu myemerere y’amadini menshi, harimo abakristo, abakoloni b’Abayahudi, n’Abisilamu, isi izagira iherezo cyangwa impinduka ikomeye.

Ku bakristo, Bibiliya ivuga ku iherezo ry’isi mu gitabo cy’Ibyahishuwe (Revelation), aho hazabaho:

Imyuka mibi izatsindwa

Ubwami bw’Imana buzashyirwaho burundu

Abakiranutsi bazahabwa ibihembo, ababi bakazahanwa

Mu yandi madini, hari inyigisho zivuga ku iherezo ry’isi n’impinduka zikomeye ku bantu n’isi yose.

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2. Impande y’ubumenyi (Science / Astronomy)

Abahanga mu by’ikirere bavuga ko isi izagira iherezo mu buryo bw’ikirere, ariko hashobora kuba mu bihe by’igihe kirekire cyane:

1. Ibihe bya kiremwamuntu: Isi ishobora kwangirika kubera imihindagurikire y’ikirere, intambara, cyangwa ibiza bikomeye.

2. Iherezo rya kinyenyeri: Mu miliyari nyinshi y’imyaka, izuba rizacika umuriro cyangwa rihinduke icyogogo, bigatuma isi idashobora kubaho.

Ibi ni ibintu by’ibimenyetso by’ikirere, ntibivuga iherezo ry’umwuka cyangwa ry’ukwemera, ahubwo ni iherezo ry’ubushobozi bw’isi guturwaho n’abantu cyangwa ibindi binyabuzima.

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3. Icyo twavuga ku mpande zombi

Iyobokamana ritanga icyerekezo ku bantu ku bijyanye n’agaciro n’ubuzima nyuma y’iherezo.

Ubumenyi butwereka uko isi ishobora guhinduka cyangwa guhagarara ku rwego rw’ikirere.

💡 Inyigisho: Iherezo ry’isi rishobora gusobanurwa mu buryo butandukanye bitewe n’imyemerere cyangwa ubushakashatsi, ariko ikintu kimwe gihuriweho ni uko ibintu byose bifite igihe cyo guhinduka.

Ese koko Yesu kristo yarazutse?

 Ni ikibazo gikomeye kandi gifite impande ebyiri: iyobokamana/ukwemera n’ubushakashatsi/amateka. Reka tubivugeho:

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1. Ibimenyetso byo mu nyandiko z’Isezerano Rishya (Biblical Evidence)

Abamarayika n’abigishwa babonye Yesu nyuma y’urupfu rwe (Matayo 28, Luka 24, Yohani 20–21).

Ibimenyetso by’umubiri bye: Abigishwa bavuze ko bamubonye, bamukoraho, ndetse bagasangira na we (nk’uko Luka abivuga 24:39–43).

Uruhererekane rw’abahamya: Abigishwa ba mbere batangaje ko bamubonye uzutse, bakanatanga ubutumwa bwiza bwa Yezu mu bice bitandukanye by’isi.

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2. Ibimenyetso by’amateka n’abanditsi b’abahinduzi (Historical Evidence)

Abanditsi b’amateka b’abagiriki n’abaroma banditse ku rupfu rwa Yesu n’uko abigishwa be batangaje ko yazutse.

Urugero: Tacitus na Josephus bavuze ku gihe Yesu yabayeho n’uko abigishwa be bakomeza kwamamaza ubutumwa bwe.

Kuguma kw’ukwemera mu muryango w’abakristo: Nubwo hari ibibazo n’ibihuha, igitekerezo cy’uko Yesu yazutse cyakomeje kugumaho kuva mu kinyejana cya mbere.

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3. Ibimenyetso by’imyemerere y’abantu n’ubuhamya

Abakristo benshi bavuga ko bazirikana cyangwa bumva imbaraga z’urukundo n’ubwiyunge mu buzima bwabo, bumva ari “ikimenyetso” cy’uko Kristo yazutse mu buryo bw’umwuka.

Amadini atandukanye afata igitangaza nk’ukuri kwemera, kuko bizamura ukwizera n’ubuzima bw’abemera.

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4. Icyitonderwa ku bushakashatsi

Uko amateka abigaragaza: Nta gihamya y’ubushakashatsi bw’ikoranabuhanga (science) bwemeza neza ko umuntu yazutse mu buryo bw’umubiri.

Gusobanukirwa neza: Ubuhamya bushingiye ku myizerere, inyandiko z’amateka, n’ubuhamya bw’ababibonye cyangwa bumvise inkuru z’ababibonye.

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💡 Inyigisho

Ku bakristo, kwizera ko Yesu yazutse ni ifatizo ry’ukwemera kandi rifite ingaruka ku mibereho yabo.

Nzayisenga Adrien ni muntu ki?

 Nzayisenga Adrien ni umuntu ufite ibikorwa byinshi by’ubwanditsi n’imbuga nkoranyambaga mu Rwanda. Dushingiye ku makuru aboneka ku mbuga ze n’izindi mbuga zifatanye, dore ishusho rusange ye:

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1. Umwanditsi n’umushakashatsi

Yanditse blog ye NzayisengaAdrien.blogspot.com aho asangiza inkuru, amakuru, n’ibitekerezo bitandukanye ku Rwanda n’isi.

Yagaragaye kandi mu bikorwa by’ubushakashatsi n’inyandiko ku mbuga nka LinkedIn.

2. Umuyobozi w’imbuga n’itangazamakuru

Afite uruhare muri ADFID TV, umuyoboro wa YouTube, aho asangiza ibiganiro, amashusho y’uburezi, n’ibikorwa bitandukanye.

3. Umunyamuryango w’imbuga nkoranyambaga

Pinterest: Asangiza ibishushanyo, amashusho, n’ibitekerezo byo kwigira.

Instagram: Videwo zigaragaza ibikorwa bye, kwigisha, n’ubuzima bwa buri munsi.

LinkedIn: Ibitekerezo by’ubushakashatsi, iterambere, n’inyandiko z’umwimerere.

4. Icyerekezo n’intego

Ishoramari rye ryibanda ku kumenyekanisha ubumenyi, guteza imbere ibikorwa by’uburezi n’imyandikire, ndetse no kuganisha abantu ku makuru y’ingenzi binyuze ku mbuga nkoranyambaga.

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Mu ncamake, Nzayisenga Adrien ni umwanditsi, umunyamakuru w’imbuga nkoranyambaga, ndetse n’umushakashatsi mu bitekerezo n’inyandiko z’ubumenyi.

Menya Amateka y'uRwanda

 Amateka y’u Rwanda ni maremare kandi arimo ibyiciro bitandukanye byaranze ubuzima bw’Abanyarwanda kuva kera cyane kugeza ubu. Dore ishusho rusange y’amateka y’u Rwanda mu byiciro bitanu:

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🏞️ 1. U Rwanda rwa kera (mbere y’Abami)

Mbere y’uko habaho ubutegetsi bw’Abami, u Rwanda rwari rucumbikiye imiryango itandukanye (Abatwa, Abahutu, n’Abatutsi) babanaga mu buryo bw’amoko n’imiryango.

Bari batuye mu misozi, bakora ubuhinzi, ubworozi, n’ubushumba.

Ntihari igihugu kimwe gikomeye, ahubwo hari udutsiko tw’imiryango (clans).

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👑 2. Ubwami bw’u Rwanda (ahagana mu kinyejana cya 15 – 1897)

Ni igihe ubutegetsi bw’Abami bwatangiye gukomera.

Umwami Ruganzu II Ndoli ni umwe mu bami bazwi cyane wazanye imbaraga n’iterambere ry’igihugu.

U Rwanda rwaguwe cyane mu gihe cya Kigeli IV Rwabugiri, wari umwami ukomeye cyane hagati y’ikinyejana cya 19.

Rwabugiri yazanye politiki yo gukomeza igihugu, gusora, n’ubutegetsi bushingiye ku mabande n’abasirikare.

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🇩🇪 3. Ubukoloni (1897–1962)

U Rwanda rwabanje gukolonizwa n’Abadage (1897–1916), hanyuma Ababiligi baruhabwa nyuma y’Intambara ya mbere y’isi.

Abakoloni bashyizeho ubutegetsi bushingiye ku moko, bashyigikira bamwe mu Banyawanda kurusha abandi.

Haje politiki y’ivangura ry’amoko (Hutu, Tutsi, Twa) n’itandukaniro mu mashuri no mu butegetsi.

Ibyo byose byateje umwuka mubi n’amakimbirane yaje gutera Impinduramatwara yo mu 1959, ivanyeho ubutegetsi bw’Abami.

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🇷🇼 4. Repubulika (1962–1994)

U Rwanda rwabonye ubwigenge ku wa 1 Nyakanga 1962.

Grégoire Kayibanda yabaye Perezida wa mbere (1962–1973).

Mu 1973, Juvénal Habyarimana afata ubutegetsi nyuma y’ihirikwa ry’ubutegetsi.

Muri iki gihe, habayeho gutera imbere mu bikorwa remezo, ariko hakomeza kuba ivangura rishingiye ku moko.

Muri 1990, RPF (FPR-Inkotanyi) yatangiye urugamba rwo kubohoza igihugu.

Mu 1994, habaye jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, itwaye ubuzima bw’abantu barenga miliyoni.

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🕊️ 5. U Rwanda rushya (kuva 1994 kugeza ubu)

FPR-Inkotanyi iyobowe na Paul Kagame yahagaritse jenoside muri Nyakanga 1994.

Hatangiye gahunda yo kubaka ubumwe n’ubwiyunge bw’Abanyarwanda, kurwanya ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside, no guteza imbere igihugu.

U Rwanda rugaragaza iterambere rikomeye mu bukungu, ubuzima, ikoranabuhanga, uburinganire, n’imiyoborere.

Kigali yabaye umwe mu mijyi ifite isuku n’umutekano kurusha indi muri Afurika.