LIFE OF ONE OF THE BEST SCIENTIST IN THE HISTORY OF THE EARTH, STEVEN HAWKINGS

This stories share the legacy of Stephen Hawking as detailed by the researcher dubbed Adrien Nzayisenga, Stephen Hawking the world-famous theoretical physicist, British Physcian and Cosmologist, 14 March 2018 in Cambridge, was a British theoretical and cosmologist. His books and public appearances have made this world-renowned theorist a celebrity.Steven has died at the age of 76.Since the age of 20, Hawking has suffered from a rare form - early onset and slow progression - amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS); its disease progresses over the years to the point of leaving it almost completely paralyzed. However, he was Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge from 1980 to 2009, 1a Fellow of Gonville and Caius College and Distinguished Researcher of the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics. He is known for his contributions in the fields of cosmology and quantum gravity, especially in black holes. Its success is also linked to his popular scientific works in which he discusses his theories and cosmology in general, in particular Une brève histoire du temps (1988), followed by L'Origine du temps (ultimate posthumous essay of 2023). The key to Stephen Hawking's main scientific work is based, in collaboration with Roger Penrose, on the development of singularities theorems as part of general relativity, and the theoretical prediction that black holes should emit what is now known as Hawking's radiation. Hawking’s children, Lucy, Robert and Tim said in a statement: “We are deeply saddened that our beloved father passed away today. “He was a great scientist and an extraordinary man whose work and legacy will live on for many years. His courage and persistence with his brilliance and humour inspired people across the world.“He once said: ‘It would not be much of a universe if it wasn’t home to the people you love.’ We will miss him for ever.” The most recognisable scientist of our age, Hawking holds an iconic status. His genre-defining book, A Brief History of Time, has sold more than 10 million copies since its publication in 1988, and has been translated into more than 35 languages. He appeared on Star Trek: The Next Generation, The Simpsons and The Big Bang Theory. His early life was the subject of an Oscar-winning performance by Eddie Redmayne in the 2014 film The Theory of Everything. He was routinely consulted for oracular pronouncements on everything from time travel and alien life to Middle Eastern politics and nefarious robots. He had an endearing sense of humour and a daredevil attitude – relatable human traits that, combined with his seemingly superhuman mind, made Hawking eminently marketable. But his cultural status – amplified by his disability and the media storm it invoked – often overshadowed his scientific legacy. That’s a shame for the man who discovered what might prove to be the key clue to the theory of everything, advanced our understanding of space and time, helped shape the course of physics for the last four decades and whose insight continues to drive progress in fundamental physics today. Beginning with the big bang Hawking’s research career began with disappointment. Arriving at the University of Cambridge in 1962 to begin his PhD, he was told that Fred Hoyle, his chosen supervisor, already had a full complement of students. The most famous British astrophysicist at the time, Hoyle was a magnet for the more ambitious students. Hawking didn’t make the cut. Instead, he was to work with Dennis Sciama, a physicist Hawking knew nothing about. In the same year, Hawking was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a degenerative motor neurone disease that quickly robs people of the ability to voluntarily move their muscles. He was told he had two years to live. Although Hawking’s body may have weakened, his intellect stayed sharp. Two years into his PhD, he was having trouble walking and talking, but it was clear that the disease was progressing more slowly than the doctors had initially feared. Meanwhile, his engagement to Jane Wilde – with whom he later had three children, Robert, Lucy and Tim – renewed his drive to make real progress in physics. Stephen and Lucy Hawking Working with Sciama had its advantages. Hoyle’s fame meant that he was seldom in the department, whereas Sciama was around and eager to talk. Those discussions stimulated the young Hawking to pursue his own scientific vision. Hoyle was vehemently opposed to the big bang theory (in fact, he had coined the name “big bang” in mockery). Sciama, on the other hand, was happy for Hawking to investigate the beginning of time. Time’s arrow Hawking was studying the work of Roger Penrose, which proved that if Einstein’s general theory of relativity is correct, at the heart of every black hole must be a point where space and time themselves break down – a singularity. Hawking realised that if time’s arrow were reversed, the same reasoning would hold true for the universe as a whole. Under Sciama’s encouragement, he worked out the maths and was able to prove it: the universe according to general relativity began in a singularity. Hawking was well aware, however, that Einstein didn’t have the last word. General relativity, which describes space and time on a large scale, doesn’t take into account quantum mechanics, which describes matter’s strange behaviour at much smaller scales. Some unknown “theory of everything” was needed to unite the two. For Hawking, the singularity at the universe’s origin did not signal the breakdown of space and time; it signalled the need for quantum gravity. Luckily, the link that he forged between Penrose’s singularity and the singularity at the big bang provided a key clue for finding such a theory. If physicists wanted to understand the origin of the universe, Hawking had just shown them exactly where to look: a black hole. Black holes were a subject ripe for investigation in the early 1970s. Although Karl Schwarzschild had found such objects lurking in the equations of general relativity back in 1915, theoreticians viewed them as mere mathematical anomalies and were reluctant to believe they could actually exist. Albeit frightening, their action is reasonably straightforward: black holes have such strong gravitational fields that nothing, not even light, can escape their grip. Any matter that falls into one is forever lost to the outside world. This, however, is a dagger in the heart of thermodynamics. Upon his arrival in Cambridge, he began to develop the symptoms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis at the beginning of limbic (commonly called Lou Gehrig's disease in the United States and in France Charcot's disease), a disease of motor neurons that abotherrates almost any neuromuscular control. During his first two years at Cambridge, he did not distinguish himself, but after the stabilization of his disease [réf. souhaitée]and with the help of his doctoral tutor, William Dennis Sciama, he continued his doctoral thesis3, entitled Properties of Expanding Universes. He then reveals that he did not see much of the value of obtaining a doctorate if he were to die soon. Hawking later stated that the turn was her marriage in 1965 to Jane Wilde, a linguistics studentlinguistique After obtaining his doctorate, Stephen became a researcher at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. The study of singularities, a recent physical and astronomical concept, allows the researcher to develop different theories, which will later lead him from the Big Bang to black holes. In the first place, Roger Penrose and Stephen Hawking built the mathematical structure answering the question of a singularity as the origin of the Universe. Then, from the 1970s, Hawking deepened his research on local infinite densities, and his studies of black hole advanced many other areas. Finally, the theory of the whole, aimed at unifying the four physical forces, is at the centre of Hawking's latest research. The aim is to demonstrate that the Universe can be described by a stable mathematical model, determined by known physical laws, by virtue of the finite but unbounded growth principle, a model to which Hawking gave a lot of credit In 1974, Hawking was one of the youngest elected members of the Royal Society. He was commissioned by the Order of the British Empire in 1982, becoming a Companion of Honor in 1989. Hawking is also a member of the Authors' Council of The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Professor Hawking in flight on a zero-g plane. Hawking's work was carried out despite the worsening paralysis caused by ALS. In 1974, he became unable to feed or get out of bed by himself, while his speech was greatly altered by his illness; so only people who knew him well could still understand him. In 1985, he contracted pneumonia and had to undergo a tracheotomy to breathe better, which made him permanently unable to speak. It was at this time that Jane Wilde Hawking was asked to put out the machine that hung him up for life. Indeed, doctors did not think it was possible that Stephen Hawking could ever be better off. Jane Wilde Hawking refused. The drugs had little effect and allowed Hawking to recover partially from his pneumonia7. Walt Waltosz, a California computer scientist, built a device that allowed Hawking to write on a computer with a switch in his hand, while a voice synthesizer speaks for him, reading what he just tapped. Having lost the use of his hands, he uses from 2001 the contractions of a muscle of his cheek detected by an infrared sensor attached to a branch of his glasses, thus being able to select the letters one by one on a virtual keyboard of a tablet whose cursor permanently sweeps the alphabet, and then select words using a predictive algorithm. This system allows him to express five words per minute and give courses at the University of Cambridge until 2009. Faced with worsening of its condition, Intel developed a new control interface based on facial recognition of the movements of its and eyebrows. The need to always weigh one's words (at the risk of erasing others in the automatic vocabulary) did not impair his style of great clarity10, especially in his book A Brief History of Time (1988).